{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2007423183","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmcc.2011.2148712","title":"Optimizing the Vehicle Routing Problem With Time Windows: A Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization Approach","display_name":"Optimizing the Vehicle Routing Problem With Time Windows: A Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization Approach","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-05-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2007423183","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmcc.2011.2148712","mag":"2007423183"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmcc.2011.2148712","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmcc.2011.2148712","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227557","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Part C (Applications and Reviews)","issn_l":"1094-6977","issn":["1094-6977","1558-2442"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews)","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063438356","display_name":"Yue\u2010Jiao Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5648-1160"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yue-Jiao Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Key Laboratory of Digital Life, Key Laboratory of Software Technology, Ministry of Education, Education Department of Guangdong Province, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","Dept. of Computer Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Key Laboratory of Digital Life, Key Laboratory of Software Technology, Ministry of Education, Education Department of Guangdong Province, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100400217","display_name":"Jun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7835-9871"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Key Laboratory of Digital Life, Key Laboratory of Software Technology, Ministry of Education, Education Department of Guangdong Province, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","Dept. of Computer Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Key Laboratory of Digital Life, Key Laboratory of Software Technology, Ministry of Education, Education Department of Guangdong Province, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072320394","display_name":"Ou Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9480-8729"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ou Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Accounting and Finance, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China","School of Accounting and Finance , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Accounting and Finance, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Accounting and Finance , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044103045","display_name":"Ruizhang Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8941-3914"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui-Zhang Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Accounting and Finance, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China","School of Accounting and Finance , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Accounting and Finance, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Accounting and Finance , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100679597","display_name":"Henry Shu-Hung Chung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4890-8256"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henry Shu-Hung Chung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","Dept. of Electron. Eng., City Univ. of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, , China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electron. Eng., City Univ. of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000919145","display_name":"Yuhui Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8840-723X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69356397","display_name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmrmn05","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu-Hui Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China","[Dept. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool Univ., Suzhou, China]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool Univ., Suzhou, China]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063438356"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":16.7676,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":196,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99130131,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"2","first_page":"254","last_page":"267"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.9860000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10586","display_name":"Robotic Path Planning Algorithms","score":0.9747999906539917,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-routing-problem","display_name":"Vehicle routing problem","score":0.8988922834396362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.6213804483413696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","score":0.597160816192627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.5119119882583618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.48996320366859436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.47184184193611145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorial-optimization","display_name":"Combinatorial optimization","score":0.4146789312362671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4139106273651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.33064383268356323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.2333664894104004}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123784306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944041","display_name":"Vehicle routing problem","level":3,"score":0.8988922834396362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.6213804483413696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.597160816192627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.5119119882583618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.48996320366859436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.47184184193611145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52692508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1333872","display_name":"Combinatorial optimization","level":2,"score":0.4146789312362671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4139106273651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.33064383268356323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.2333664894104004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmcc.2011.2148712","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmcc.2011.2148712","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227557","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Part C (Applications and Reviews)","issn_l":"1094-6977","issn":["1094-6977","1558-2442"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews)","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk:10397/17801","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10397/17801","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400205","display_name":"PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal/Magazine Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":79,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W159794904","https://openalex.org/W1487758851","https://openalex.org/W1506499710","https://openalex.org/W1549203705","https://openalex.org/W1554727768","https://openalex.org/W1588856286","https://openalex.org/W1601649239","https://openalex.org/W1837834352","https://openalex.org/W1965840388","https://openalex.org/W1973423951","https://openalex.org/W1973565128","https://openalex.org/W1975501199","https://openalex.org/W1982974168","https://openalex.org/W1984594269","https://openalex.org/W1989185539","https://openalex.org/W1998391576","https://openalex.org/W1999161039","https://openalex.org/W2010418932","https://openalex.org/W2014412090","https://openalex.org/W2026215866","https://openalex.org/W2028172705","https://openalex.org/W2029308727","https://openalex.org/W2059816321","https://openalex.org/W2060985719","https://openalex.org/W2064073889","https://openalex.org/W2069530841","https://openalex.org/W2069741545","https://openalex.org/W2070637511","https://openalex.org/W2079333601","https://openalex.org/W2083027397","https://openalex.org/W2084977713","https://openalex.org/W2093952957","https://openalex.org/W2096305430","https://openalex.org/W2097333415","https://openalex.org/W2097485519","https://openalex.org/W2101363262","https://openalex.org/W2102204056","https://openalex.org/W2106972943","https://openalex.org/W2107646728","https://openalex.org/W2120204384","https://openalex.org/W2123066915","https://openalex.org/W2124100354","https://openalex.org/W2124613591","https://openalex.org/W2129021445","https://openalex.org/W2131613989","https://openalex.org/W2132450795","https://openalex.org/W2133141107","https://openalex.org/W2133671109","https://openalex.org/W2136188014","https://openalex.org/W2136589531","https://openalex.org/W2137235510","https://openalex.org/W2137609793","https://openalex.org/W2144771778","https://openalex.org/W2145963344","https://openalex.org/W2150564457","https://openalex.org/W2152195021","https://openalex.org/W2156040841","https://openalex.org/W2158000627","https://openalex.org/W2160523592","https://openalex.org/W2162423772","https://openalex.org/W2162508334","https://openalex.org/W2168813528","https://openalex.org/W2184190463","https://openalex.org/W2303166133","https://openalex.org/W2306862514","https://openalex.org/W2393668688","https://openalex.org/W2402846924","https://openalex.org/W2482595081","https://openalex.org/W2543580944","https://openalex.org/W2622576046","https://openalex.org/W3125905360","https://openalex.org/W3127850350","https://openalex.org/W6606618622","https://openalex.org/W6633189231","https://openalex.org/W6674620088","https://openalex.org/W6676080494","https://openalex.org/W6678593581","https://openalex.org/W6680429887","https://openalex.org/W6686147179"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2017649536","https://openalex.org/W1990067406","https://openalex.org/W2135709899","https://openalex.org/W3123878210","https://openalex.org/W3144414831","https://openalex.org/W2337677955","https://openalex.org/W95697389","https://openalex.org/W2284952990","https://openalex.org/W2007498220","https://openalex.org/W2808038090"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vehicle":[0],"routing":[1],"problem":[2,13,52,96],"with":[3],"time":[4],"windows":[5],"(VRPTW)":[6],"is":[7,15,30,61,122,170,187,192,207],"a":[8,43,136,182],"well-known":[9],"NP-hard":[10],"combinatorial":[11,50],"optimization":[12,27,36,51],"that":[14,121],"crucial":[16],"for":[17],"transportation":[18],"and":[19,130,181,198,214,219],"logistics":[20],"systems.":[21],"Even":[22],"though":[23],"the":[24,48,59,69,73,76,80,92,95,102,109,118,125,128,132,141,144,149,153,157,162,168,174,177,196,202,217,222],"particle":[25],"swarm":[26],"(PSO)":[28],"algorithm":[29,145,169],"originally":[31],"designed":[32],"to":[33,46,62,194],"solve":[34,47],"continuous":[35],"problems,":[37],"in":[38,127,143,156,167],"this":[39],"paper,":[40],"we":[41],"propose":[42],"set-based":[44],"PSO":[45,77,159],"discrete":[49,110],"VRPTW":[53,81,129,178],"(S-PSO-VRPTW).":[54],"The":[55,105,204],"general":[56],"method":[57,191],"of":[58,68,75,91,117,138,152,164,176,201,221],"S-PSO-VRPTW":[60,107,206],"select":[63],"an":[64,87,114],"optimal":[65,88],"subset":[66,137],"out":[67,90],"universal":[70],"set":[71,116,150],"by":[72,101,124],"use":[74],"framework.":[78],"As":[79],"can":[82,97],"be":[83,98],"defined":[84,123,147],"as":[85,113,135],"selecting":[86],"subgraph":[89],"complete":[93,119],"graph,":[94],"naturally":[99],"solved":[100],"proposed":[103,106,205],"algorithm.":[104,160,223],"treats":[108],"search":[111],"space":[112],"arc":[115],"graph":[120],"nodes":[126],"regards":[131],"candidate":[133],"solution":[134],"arcs.":[139],"Accordingly,":[140],"operators":[142,155],"are":[146,179],"on":[148,209],"instead":[151],"arithmetic":[154],"original":[158],"Besides,":[161],"process":[163],"position":[165],"updating":[166],"constructive,":[171],"during":[172],"which":[173],"constraints":[175],"considered":[180],"time-oriented,":[183],"nearest":[184],"neighbor":[185],"heuristic":[186],"used.":[188],"A":[189],"normalization":[190],"introduced":[193],"handle":[195],"primary":[197],"secondary":[199],"objectives":[200],"VRPTW.":[203],"tested":[208],"Solomon's":[210],"benchmarks.":[211],"Simulation":[212],"results":[213],"comparisons":[215],"illustrate":[216],"effectiveness":[218],"efficiency":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T14:56:36.534964","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
