{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2134031043","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmcc.2011.2110643","title":"Toward Automated Definition Acquisition From Operations Law","display_name":"Toward Automated Definition Acquisition From Operations Law","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-03-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2134031043","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmcc.2011.2110643","mag":"2134031043"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmcc.2011.2110643","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmcc.2011.2110643","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227557","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Part C (Applications and Reviews)","issn_l":"1094-6977","issn":["1094-6977","1558-2442"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews)","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029392006","display_name":"Yi Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2697-8093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yi Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","[Sch. of Comput. Sci., Carnegie, Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Sch. of Comput. Sci., Carnegie, Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025085845","display_name":"Jana Diesner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8183-7109"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jana Diesner","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","[Sch. of Comput. Sci., Carnegie, Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Sch. of Comput. Sci., Carnegie, Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085927300","display_name":"Kathleen M. Carley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6356-0238"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kathleen M. Carley","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","[Sch. of Comput. Sci., Carnegie, Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Sch. of Comput. Sci., Carnegie, Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029392006"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.13484401,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"2","first_page":"223","last_page":"232"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9847000241279602,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7732235193252563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6685388088226318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6420117616653442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6310988664627075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recall","display_name":"Recall","score":0.5731264352798462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.5666549205780029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5624945163726807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ask-price","display_name":"Ask price","score":0.5139284133911133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.47067221999168396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.07303211092948914}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7732235193252563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6685388088226318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6420117616653442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6310988664627075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.5731264352798462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.5666549205780029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5624945163726807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90329073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q914232","display_name":"Ask price","level":2,"score":0.5139284133911133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.47067221999168396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.07303211092948914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmcc.2011.2110643","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmcc.2011.2110643","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227557","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Part C (Applications and Reviews)","issn_l":"1094-6977","issn":["1094-6977","1558-2442"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews)","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.705.5535","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.705.5535","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.casos.cs.cmu.edu/publications/papers/2011TowardsAutomatedDefinition.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7900000214576721,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1449118","https://openalex.org/W1514707997","https://openalex.org/W1550206324","https://openalex.org/W1556441421","https://openalex.org/W1566499617","https://openalex.org/W2005856599","https://openalex.org/W2024201830","https://openalex.org/W2048679005","https://openalex.org/W2052620491","https://openalex.org/W2052755263","https://openalex.org/W2070493638","https://openalex.org/W2082145945","https://openalex.org/W2100857086","https://openalex.org/W2116225596","https://openalex.org/W2116584611","https://openalex.org/W2127816222","https://openalex.org/W2139212933","https://openalex.org/W2139995400","https://openalex.org/W2146577185","https://openalex.org/W2149684865","https://openalex.org/W2164870633","https://openalex.org/W2167435923","https://openalex.org/W2170954447","https://openalex.org/W2613324820","https://openalex.org/W6630882758","https://openalex.org/W6632865047","https://openalex.org/W6671039042","https://openalex.org/W6677640562","https://openalex.org/W6678881507","https://openalex.org/W6682304300","https://openalex.org/W6685030867"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2168627904","https://openalex.org/W2515552481","https://openalex.org/W156769215","https://openalex.org/W1570348318","https://openalex.org/W2015444353","https://openalex.org/W3013494979","https://openalex.org/W4308101915","https://openalex.org/W2102726926","https://openalex.org/W3194047734","https://openalex.org/W2251005117"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Definition":[0],"acquisition":[1],"is":[2],"a":[3,50,64,96,128,144,160,175],"necessary":[4],"step":[5],"in":[6,29,69,80,89,115,124],"building":[7],"an":[8,90],"artificial":[9],"cognitive":[10],"assistant":[11],"that":[12,70,148],"helps":[13],"military":[14,116],"personnel":[15,113],"to":[16,111,118,126,153],"gain":[17],"fast":[18],"and":[19,26,53,73,95,109,142,164],"precise":[20],"understanding":[21],"of":[22,37,66,77,82,93,122,136],"the":[23,35,75],"various":[24],"terms":[25,81],"procedures":[27],"defined":[28],"applicable":[30],"legal":[31],"documents.":[32],"We":[33],"approach":[34,158],"task":[36,48,52],"identifying":[38],"definitional":[39],"sentences":[40,172],"from":[41],"operations":[42,117],"law":[43],"documents":[44],"by":[45,56,168,174],"formalizing":[46],"this":[47],"as":[49],"sentence-classification":[51],"solving":[54],"it":[55,104],"using":[57,169],"machine-learning":[58],"methods.":[59],"This":[60],"paper":[61],"reports":[62],"on":[63],"series":[65],"empirical":[67],"experiments":[68],"we":[71,140],"evaluate":[72],"compare":[74],"performance":[76],"learning":[78],"algorithms":[79],"label-prediction":[83],"accuracy.":[84],"Using":[85],"supervised":[86],"techniques":[87],"results":[88],"F1":[91,162],"score":[92,163],"95.93%":[94],"96.72%":[97],"recall":[98,166],"rate.":[99],"However,":[100],"for":[101,131],"real-world":[102],"applications,":[103],"would":[105],"be":[106],"too":[107],"costly":[108],"unrealistic":[110],"ask":[112],"involved":[114],"label":[119,154],"substantial":[120],"amounts":[121],"data":[123],"order":[125],"build":[127],"new":[129],"classifier":[130],"different":[132],"types":[133],"or":[134],"genres":[135],"text":[137],"data.":[138],"Therefore,":[139],"propose":[141],"implement":[143],"semisupervised":[145],"(SS)":[146],"solution":[147],"trades":[149],"off":[150],"prediction":[151],"accuracy":[152],"efficiency.":[155],"Our":[156],"SS":[157],"achieves":[159],"90.47%":[161],"93.44%":[165],"rate":[167],"only":[170],"eight":[171],"labeled":[173],"human":[176],"expert.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
