{"id":"https://openalex.org/W260234364","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmcb.2010.2082525","title":"Automatically Detecting Pain in Video Through Facial Action Units","display_name":"Automatically Detecting Pain in Video Through Facial Action Units","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-11-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W260234364","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmcb.2010.2082525","mag":"260234364","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21097382"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmcb.2010.2082525","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmcb.2010.2082525","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170378","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Part B (Cybernetics)","issn_l":"1083-4419","issn":["1083-4419","1941-0492"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B (Cybernetics)","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032604032","display_name":"Patrick Lucey","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"P Lucey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA. plucey@pitt.edu","Dept. of Psychol., Univ. of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA. plucey@pitt.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Psychol., Univ. of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000246394","display_name":"Jeffrey F. Cohn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9393-1116"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J F Cohn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","Dept. of Psychol., Univ. of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Psychol., Univ. of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069055807","display_name":"Iain Matthews","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5004-2397"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142140","display_name":"Walt Disney (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04eg47h42","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142140"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I Matthews","raw_affiliation_strings":["Disney Research, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","Disney Research, Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Disney Research, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142140"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Disney Research, Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142140"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055053078","display_name":"Simon Lucey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6326-042X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292875679","display_name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qn8fb07","country_code":"AU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101388","display_name":"Health Sciences and Nutrition","ror":"https://ror.org/0152bt112","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4210101388","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S Lucey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Pullenvale, Australia","Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Pullenvale, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Pullenvale, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Pullenvale, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101388"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055128383","display_name":"Sridha Sridharan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4316-9001"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","display_name":"Queensland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03pnv4752","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S Sridharan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Audio, Image, and Video Technology Laboratory, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia","Speech, Audio, Image & Video Technol. Lab., Queensland Univ. of Technol., Brisbane, QLD, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Audio, Image, and Video Technology Laboratory, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Speech, Audio, Image & Video Technol. Lab., Queensland Univ. of Technol., Brisbane, QLD, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020900032","display_name":"Jessica M. Howlett","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","display_name":"Queensland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03pnv4752","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J Howlett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Audio, Image, and Video Technology Laboratory, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia","Speech, Audio, Image & Video Technol. Lab., Queensland Univ. of Technol., Brisbane, QLD, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Audio, Image, and Video Technology Laboratory, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Speech, Audio, Image & Video Technol. Lab., Queensland Univ. of Technol., Brisbane, QLD, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056943328","display_name":"Kenneth M. Prkachin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151934421","display_name":"University of Northern British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/025wzwv46","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151934421"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K M Prkachin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada","Dept. of Psychol., Univ. of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151934421"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Psychol., Univ. of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151934421"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032604032"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.03029552,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"3","first_page":"664","last_page":"674"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.9573000073432922,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.9539999961853027,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-action-coding-system","display_name":"Facial Action Coding System","score":0.7178534269332886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.666743278503418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5485360622406006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5270364880561829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.5148105025291443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.45136335492134094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4488089084625244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action","display_name":"Action (physics)","score":0.4363928735256195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.38727498054504395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","score":0.33809295296669006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.29347825050354004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07754775881767273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40346341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1391629","display_name":"Facial Action Coding System","level":3,"score":0.7178534269332886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.666743278503418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5485360622406006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5270364880561829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.5148105025291443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.45136335492134094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4488089084625244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4363928735256195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.38727498054504395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.33809295296669006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.29347825050354004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07754775881767273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010146","descriptor_name":"Pain","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010146","descriptor_name":"Pain","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010146","descriptor_name":"Pain","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010146","descriptor_name":"Pain","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010146","descriptor_name":"Pain","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010146","descriptor_name":"Pain","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010147","descriptor_name":"Pain Measurement","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010147","descriptor_name":"Pain Measurement","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010147","descriptor_name":"Pain Measurement","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010781","descriptor_name":"Photography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010781","descriptor_name":"Photography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010781","descriptor_name":"Photography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014741","descriptor_name":"Video Recording","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014741","descriptor_name":"Video Recording","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014741","descriptor_name":"Video Recording","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmcb.2010.2082525","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmcb.2010.2082525","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170378","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Part B (Cybernetics)","issn_l":"1083-4419","issn":["1083-4419","1941-0492"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B (Cybernetics)","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:21097382","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21097382","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on systems, man, and cybernetics. Part B, Cybernetics : a publication of the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Society","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5898595","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6942457","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"mag:260234364","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.qut.edu.au/40908/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306510302","display_name":"Faculty of Built Environment and Engineering","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":"Faculty of Built Environment and Engineering","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W164333804","https://openalex.org/W2023238506","https://openalex.org/W2082308025","https://openalex.org/W2090495691","https://openalex.org/W2090519904","https://openalex.org/W2106043670","https://openalex.org/W2108445559","https://openalex.org/W2118640726","https://openalex.org/W2125127226","https://openalex.org/W2148071321","https://openalex.org/W2152826865","https://openalex.org/W2156503193","https://openalex.org/W2157653492","https://openalex.org/W2159668072","https://openalex.org/W2166087694","https://openalex.org/W4290414339","https://openalex.org/W6678774376","https://openalex.org/W6841893787"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3003910221","https://openalex.org/W2986553780","https://openalex.org/W2148071321","https://openalex.org/W1966157145","https://openalex.org/W2991410815","https://openalex.org/W2888797767","https://openalex.org/W2105208726","https://openalex.org/W777991446","https://openalex.org/W3166405193","https://openalex.org/W5949954","https://openalex.org/W3193928656","https://openalex.org/W3019740141","https://openalex.org/W1949888834","https://openalex.org/W206235906","https://openalex.org/W2953843303","https://openalex.org/W3017188431","https://openalex.org/W1990235957","https://openalex.org/W2072439449","https://openalex.org/W2045472600","https://openalex.org/W2035155775"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,122],"a":[1,34,58,90],"clinical":[2],"setting,":[3],"pain":[4,32,56,96,145],"is":[5,92],"reported":[6],"either":[7],"through":[8],"patient":[9,91],"self-report":[10],"or":[11],"via":[12],"an":[13,52,74],"observer.":[14],"Such":[15],"measures":[16],"are":[17],"problematic":[18],"as":[19,33,45],"they":[20],"are:":[21],"1)":[22],"subjective,":[23],"and":[24,112,135,144],"2)":[25],"give":[26],"no":[27],"specific":[28],"timing":[29],"information.":[30],"Coding":[31],"series":[35],"of":[36,55,110],"facial":[37],"action":[38],"units":[39],"(AUs)":[40],"can":[41,47,81,130,136],"avoid":[42],"these":[43,133],"issues":[44],"it":[46],"be":[48],"used":[49],"to":[50,116,120,149],"gain":[51],"objective":[53],"measure":[54],"on":[57],"frame-by-frame":[59],"basis.":[60],"Using":[61],"video":[62,87],"data":[63,97],"from":[64],"patients":[65],"with":[66,104,132],"shoulder":[67],"injuries,":[68],"in":[69,86,88,93,140],"this":[70,123],"paper,":[71,124],"we":[72,125],"describe":[73],"active":[75],"appearance":[76,156],"model":[77],"(AAM)-based":[78],"system":[79],"that":[80,109,127],"automatically":[82],"detect":[83],"the":[84,100,117,128,142,150],"frames":[85],"which":[89,153],"pain.":[94,121],"This":[95],"set":[98],"highlights":[99],"many":[101],"challenges":[102],"associated":[103],"spontaneous":[105],"emotion":[106],"detection,":[107],"particularly":[108],"expression":[111],"head":[113],"movement":[114],"due":[115],"patient's":[118],"reaction":[119],"show":[126],"AAM":[129],"deal":[131],"movements":[134],"achieve":[137],"significant":[138],"improvements":[139],"both":[141],"AU":[143],"detection":[146],"performance":[147],"compared":[148],"current-state-of-the-art":[151],"approaches":[152],"utilize":[154],"similarity-normalized":[155],"features":[157],"only.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-28T14:05:53.105641","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
