{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2123115309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmcb.2009.2032926","title":"Regularized Locality Preserving Projections and Its Extensions for Face Recognition","display_name":"Regularized Locality Preserving Projections and Its Extensions for Face Recognition","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-11-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2123115309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmcb.2009.2032926","mag":"2123115309","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19906590"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmcb.2009.2032926","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmcb.2009.2032926","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170378","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Part B (Cybernetics)","issn_l":"1083-4419","issn":["1083-4419","1941-0492"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B (Cybernetics)","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100460385","display_name":"Jiwen Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6121-5529"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiwen Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798. lujiwen@pmail.ntu.edu.sg","Sch. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Nanyang Technol. Univ., Singapore, , Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798. lujiwen@pmail.ntu.edu.sg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Nanyang Technol. Univ., Singapore, , Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103379503","display_name":"Yap\u2010Peng Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0645-9109"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yap-Peng Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","Sch. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Nanyang Technol. Univ., Singapore, , Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Nanyang Technol. Univ., Singapore, , Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.0826,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":152,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9788238,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"3","first_page":"958","last_page":"963"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9864000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9851999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/locality","display_name":"Locality","score":0.9068947434425354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subspace-topology","display_name":"Subspace topology","score":0.7815340757369995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.7526822686195374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.6681010127067566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6674715876579285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.6073475480079651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminant","display_name":"Discriminant","score":0.5629528164863586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/projection","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","score":0.5383774638175964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parametric-statistics","display_name":"Parametric statistics","score":0.5346001982688904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5344882011413574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5007233619689941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","score":0.46140992641448975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regularization","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","score":0.44471314549446106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Nonlinear dimensionality reduction","score":0.43971729278564453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4245755672454834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","score":0.41899311542510986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.22050225734710693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.08148002624511719}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779808786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6664603","display_name":"Locality","level":2,"score":0.9068947434425354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32834561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660730","display_name":"Subspace topology","level":2,"score":0.7815340757369995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7526822686195374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.6681010127067566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6674715876579285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.6073475480079651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78397625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192487","display_name":"Discriminant","level":2,"score":0.5629528164863586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57493831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3134666","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","level":2,"score":0.5383774638175964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117251300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1849855","display_name":"Parametric statistics","level":2,"score":0.5346001982688904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5344882011413574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5007233619689941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.46140992641448975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.44471314549446106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151876577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7049464","display_name":"Nonlinear dimensionality reduction","level":3,"score":0.43971729278564453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4245755672454834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.41899311542510986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.22050225734710693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.08148002624511719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001699","descriptor_name":"Biometry","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001699","descriptor_name":"Biometry","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001699","descriptor_name":"Biometry","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007089","descriptor_name":"Image Enhancement","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007089","descriptor_name":"Image Enhancement","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007089","descriptor_name":"Image Enhancement","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013382","descriptor_name":"Subtraction Technique","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013382","descriptor_name":"Subtraction Technique","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013382","descriptor_name":"Subtraction Technique","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmcb.2009.2032926","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmcb.2009.2032926","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170378","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Part B (Cybernetics)","issn_l":"1083-4419","issn":["1083-4419","1941-0492"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B (Cybernetics)","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:19906590","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19906590","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on systems, man, and cybernetics. Part B, Cybernetics : a publication of the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Society","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7699999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1576613474","https://openalex.org/W1997011019","https://openalex.org/W2008244396","https://openalex.org/W2046649434","https://openalex.org/W2095469431","https://openalex.org/W2097222539","https://openalex.org/W2100385812","https://openalex.org/W2104294146","https://openalex.org/W2117553576","https://openalex.org/W2120886275","https://openalex.org/W2121647436","https://openalex.org/W2128716185","https://openalex.org/W2138451337","https://openalex.org/W2141042808","https://openalex.org/W2143340430","https://openalex.org/W2165554381","https://openalex.org/W2170858770","https://openalex.org/W3148981562","https://openalex.org/W4238240379","https://openalex.org/W6634500723"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2169311637","https://openalex.org/W2539272015","https://openalex.org/W2370292837","https://openalex.org/W2111149694","https://openalex.org/W1973827079","https://openalex.org/W198500362","https://openalex.org/W2750036380","https://openalex.org/W1984577369","https://openalex.org/W2042264217","https://openalex.org/W1273791684"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"propose":[1],"in":[2,24,50],"this":[3],"paper":[4],"a":[5,25,40],"parametric":[6,26],"regularized":[7],"locality":[8,52],"preserving":[9,53],"projections":[10],"(LPP)":[11],"method":[12,68],"for":[13],"face":[14,93],"recognition.":[15],"Our":[16],"objective":[17],"is":[18],"to":[19,73,79],"regulate":[20],"the":[21,34,60,65,82,96,99],"LPP":[22,62],"space":[23,37],"manner":[27],"and":[28,55,78],"extract":[29],"useful":[30],"discriminant":[31],"information":[32],"from":[33],"whole":[35],"feature":[36],"rather":[38],"than":[39,59],"reduced":[41],"projection":[42],"subspace":[43],"of":[44,98],"principal":[45],"component":[46],"analysis.":[47],"This":[48],"results":[49,88],"better":[51],"power":[54],"higher":[56],"recognition":[57],"accuracy":[58],"original":[61],"method.":[63,101],"Moreover,":[64],"proposed":[66,100],"regularization":[67],"can":[69],"easily":[70],"be":[71],"extended":[72],"other":[74],"manifold":[75],"learning":[76],"algorithms":[77],"effectively":[80],"address":[81],"small":[83],"sample":[84],"size":[85],"problem.":[86],"Experimental":[87],"on":[89],"two":[90],"widely":[91],"used":[92],"databases":[94],"demonstrate":[95],"efficacy":[97]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-01-13T01:12:25.745995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
