{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2305345600","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmca.2010.2041654","title":"Hand-Drawn Face Sketch Recognition by Humans and a PCA-Based Algorithm for Forensic Applications","display_name":"Hand-Drawn Face Sketch Recognition by Humans and a PCA-Based Algorithm for Forensic Applications","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-03-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2305345600","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmca.2010.2041654","mag":"2305345600"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmca.2010.2041654","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmca.2010.2041654","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201610","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics - Part A Systems and Humans","issn_l":"1083-4427","issn":["1083-4427","1558-2426"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yong Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161203489","display_name":"Youngstown State University","ror":"https://ror.org/038zf2n28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161203489"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and information systems, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and information systems, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161203489"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109924196","display_name":"Christine McCullough","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161203489","display_name":"Youngstown State University","ror":"https://ror.org/038zf2n28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161203489"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christine McCullough","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Arts, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Arts, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161203489"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058009709","display_name":"John R. Sullins","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161203489","display_name":"Youngstown State University","ror":"https://ror.org/038zf2n28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161203489"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John R Sullins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and information systems, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and information systems, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161203489"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026737846","display_name":"Christine R. Ross","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christine R Ross","raw_affiliation_strings":["Criminal Intelligence Unit, Ohio Bureau of Criminal Identification and Investigation, Youngstown, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Criminal Intelligence Unit, Ohio Bureau of Criminal Identification and Investigation, Youngstown, OH, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.5207,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9536528,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"3","first_page":"475","last_page":"485"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sketch","display_name":"Sketch","score":0.7382990121841431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6705766916275024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6328312158584595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.6182527542114258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5589879751205444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.4969466030597687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.45253923535346985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.4450664222240448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.43132078647613525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distortion","display_name":"Distortion (music)","score":0.429916650056839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sketch-recognition","display_name":"Sketch recognition","score":0.41968581080436707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4137292802333832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.33754870295524597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2014445960521698}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779231336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534724","display_name":"Sketch","level":2,"score":0.7382990121841431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6705766916275024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6328312158584595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.6182527542114258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5589879751205444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.4969466030597687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.45253923535346985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4450664222240448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.43132078647613525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.429916650056839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132900626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534733","display_name":"Sketch recognition","level":4,"score":0.41968581080436707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4137292802333832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.33754870295524597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2014445960521698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159437735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519524","display_name":"Gesture recognition","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmca.2010.2041654","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmca.2010.2041654","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201610","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics - Part A Systems and Humans","issn_l":"1083-4427","issn":["1083-4427","1558-2426"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7799999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309627","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W11068947","https://openalex.org/W76086797","https://openalex.org/W91587930","https://openalex.org/W1489362913","https://openalex.org/W1574457069","https://openalex.org/W1578352865","https://openalex.org/W1585588639","https://openalex.org/W1595701647","https://openalex.org/W1944849869","https://openalex.org/W1965123936","https://openalex.org/W1982131975","https://openalex.org/W1986434868","https://openalex.org/W1989702938","https://openalex.org/W1990984265","https://openalex.org/W2006169579","https://openalex.org/W2013234142","https://openalex.org/W2017934685","https://openalex.org/W2026321378","https://openalex.org/W2027324060","https://openalex.org/W2033017872","https://openalex.org/W2033419168","https://openalex.org/W2035234175","https://openalex.org/W2037124948","https://openalex.org/W2039805713","https://openalex.org/W2041090521","https://openalex.org/W2059049964","https://openalex.org/W2076703518","https://openalex.org/W2082498363","https://openalex.org/W2088086295","https://openalex.org/W2102927550","https://openalex.org/W2107031757","https://openalex.org/W2108387789","https://openalex.org/W2108774841","https://openalex.org/W2110095063","https://openalex.org/W2111322881","https://openalex.org/W2114942327","https://openalex.org/W2121604810","https://openalex.org/W2122558050","https://openalex.org/W2129271544","https://openalex.org/W2138451337","https://openalex.org/W2141851520","https://openalex.org/W2143056698","https://openalex.org/W2144073016","https://openalex.org/W2149481809","https://openalex.org/W2149753900","https://openalex.org/W2152433273","https://openalex.org/W2153288431","https://openalex.org/W2156715488","https://openalex.org/W2158275940","https://openalex.org/W2161308290","https://openalex.org/W2163035264","https://openalex.org/W2164348610","https://openalex.org/W2169433065","https://openalex.org/W2186079256","https://openalex.org/W2546175596","https://openalex.org/W4206747930","https://openalex.org/W4255816208","https://openalex.org/W4300870773"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2294900353","https://openalex.org/W2151314278","https://openalex.org/W2411243951","https://openalex.org/W1971224820","https://openalex.org/W13629514","https://openalex.org/W2963977451","https://openalex.org/W1976890290","https://openalex.org/W2966897482","https://openalex.org/W3022655144","https://openalex.org/W2463931728"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Because":[0],"face":[1,26,46],"sketches":[2,52,61,84,119,154,199,217],"represent":[3],"the":[4,33,60,99,118,126,133,152,165,175,193,198,216],"original":[5],"faces":[6],"in":[7,19,44,85,91,98,107,150,180,209],"a":[8,38,86,92,186],"very":[9],"concise":[10],"yet":[11],"recognizable":[12],"form,":[13],"they":[14],"play":[15],"an":[16],"important":[17],"role":[18],"criminal":[20],"investigations,":[21],"human":[22,136],"visual":[23],"perception,":[24],"and":[25,37,132,191],"biometrics.":[27],"In":[28],"this":[29],"paper,":[30],"we":[31],"compared":[32],"performances":[34],"of":[35,50,53,59,109,117,129,143,159,189,200,215],"humans":[36,131,147,205],"principle":[39],"component":[40],"analysis":[41],"(PCA)-based":[42],"algorithm":[43,194],"recognizing":[45,151],"sketches.":[47],"A":[48,103],"total":[49],"250":[51],"50":[54,71],"subjects":[55],"were":[56,62,79,219],"involved.":[57],"All":[58],"drawn":[63,120],"manually":[64],"by":[65,82,121],"five":[66],"artists":[67,123],"(each":[68],"artist":[69],"drew":[70],"sketches,":[72,182],"one":[73],"for":[74,185],"each":[75],"subject).":[76],"The":[77],"experiments":[78],"carried":[80],"out":[81],"matching":[83],"probe":[87],"set":[88,168],"to":[89,141],"photographs":[90],"gallery":[93],"set.":[94],"This":[95],"study":[96],"resulted":[97],"following":[100],"findings:":[101],"1)":[102],"large":[104],"interartist":[105],"variation":[106],"terms":[108],"sketch":[110],"recognition":[111,127],"rate":[112],"was":[113,195],"observed;":[114],"2)":[115],"fusion":[116,173],"different":[122],"significantly":[124],"improved":[125],"accuracy":[128],"both":[130],"algorithm;":[134,145],"3)":[135],"performance":[137],"seems":[138],"mildly":[139],"correlated":[140],"that":[142,155,218],"PCA":[144],"4)":[146],"performed":[148],"better":[149],"caricature-like":[153],"show":[156],"various":[157],"degrees":[158],"geometrical":[160],"distortion":[161],"or":[162],"deviation,":[163],"given":[164],"particular":[166],"data":[167],"used;":[169],"5)":[170],"score":[171],"level":[172],"with":[174,197,222],"sum":[176],"rule":[177],"worked":[178],"well":[179],"combining":[181],"at":[183],"least":[184],"small":[187],"number":[188],"artists;":[190],"6)":[192],"superior":[196],"less":[201],"distinctive":[202],"features,":[203],"while":[204],"seemed":[206],"more":[207],"efficient":[208],"handling":[210],"tonality":[211],"(or":[212],"pigmentation)":[213],"cues":[214],"not":[220],"processed":[221],"advanced":[223],"transformation":[224],"functions.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
