{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2098747085","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmca.2010.2041652","title":"Toward Unconstrained Ear Recognition From Two-Dimensional Images","display_name":"Toward Unconstrained Ear Recognition From Two-Dimensional Images","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-03-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2098747085","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmca.2010.2041652","mag":"2098747085"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmca.2010.2041652","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmca.2010.2041652","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201610","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics - Part A Systems and Humans","issn_l":"1083-4427","issn":["1083-4427","1558-2426"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085832520","display_name":"John Bustard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1936-5224"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John D Bustard","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK","Sch. of Electron. & Comput. Sci., Univ. of Southampton, Southampton, UK#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Electron. & Comput. Sci., Univ. of Southampton, Southampton, UK#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014438135","display_name":"Mark Nixon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9174-5934"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark S Nixon","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK","Sch. of Electron. & Comput. Sci., Univ. of Southampton, Southampton, UK#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Electron. & Comput. Sci., Univ. of Southampton, Southampton, UK#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.3348,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":97,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97820604,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"3","first_page":"486","last_page":"494"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11866","display_name":"Reconstructive Facial Surgery Techniques","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.7940205335617065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7738221883773804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7015515565872192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6828311085700989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6471865773200989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.551828920841217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale-invariant-feature-transform","display_name":"Scale-invariant feature transform","score":0.4618458151817322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.4540993273258209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4458414912223816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.42797306180000305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4132317900657654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.19014033675193787}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.7940205335617065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7738221883773804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7015515565872192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6828311085700989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6471865773200989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.551828920841217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61265191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q767770","display_name":"Scale-invariant feature transform","level":3,"score":0.4618458151817322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.4540993273258209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4458414912223816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.42797306180000305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4132317900657654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.19014033675193787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmca.2010.2041652","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmca.2010.2041652","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201610","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics - Part A Systems and Humans","issn_l":"1083-4427","issn":["1083-4427","1558-2426"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.soton.ac.uk:270894","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401019","display_name":"ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","host_organization_name":"University of Southampton","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.qub.ac.uk/portal:publications/cbf80430-28ba-4acb-88a6-68130caf8193","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/cbf80430-28ba-4acb-88a6-68130caf8193","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402319","display_name":"Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","host_organization_name":"Queen's University Belfast","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Bustard , J D &amp; Nixon , M S 2010 , ' Toward Unconstrained Ear Recognition From Two-Dimensional Images ' , IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A , vol. 40 , no. 3 , pp. 486-494 . https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMCA.2010.2041652","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W12811873","https://openalex.org/W47664487","https://openalex.org/W598171806","https://openalex.org/W1499993285","https://openalex.org/W1527240141","https://openalex.org/W1553128040","https://openalex.org/W1585192441","https://openalex.org/W1639795441","https://openalex.org/W1902008675","https://openalex.org/W1918005971","https://openalex.org/W1989702938","https://openalex.org/W2012778485","https://openalex.org/W2025170205","https://openalex.org/W2033819227","https://openalex.org/W2043287655","https://openalex.org/W2057695579","https://openalex.org/W2094214226","https://openalex.org/W2097554539","https://openalex.org/W2100086166","https://openalex.org/W2100851713","https://openalex.org/W2101799416","https://openalex.org/W2105099154","https://openalex.org/W2107105977","https://openalex.org/W2117002552","https://openalex.org/W2122285898","https://openalex.org/W2122880030","https://openalex.org/W2124386111","https://openalex.org/W2137962244","https://openalex.org/W2150613002","https://openalex.org/W2156598602","https://openalex.org/W2157684450","https://openalex.org/W2161308290","https://openalex.org/W2163624601","https://openalex.org/W2163849407","https://openalex.org/W2169403998","https://openalex.org/W2170415971","https://openalex.org/W2395121035","https://openalex.org/W2427881153","https://openalex.org/W3021282624","https://openalex.org/W3097096317","https://openalex.org/W6631618440","https://openalex.org/W6682219047","https://openalex.org/W6685088853"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3034955165","https://openalex.org/W2094920358","https://openalex.org/W2041448692","https://openalex.org/W2247121321","https://openalex.org/W2391926582","https://openalex.org/W1966831329","https://openalex.org/W1995688991","https://openalex.org/W2020188645","https://openalex.org/W2739923608","https://openalex.org/W2049930962"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ear":[0],"recognition,":[1],"as":[2,121,194,196],"a":[3,106,122,129,132,150,154,161],"biometric,":[4],"has":[5],"several":[6],"advantages.":[7],"In":[8,47,185],"particular,":[9,48],"ears":[10,49,73],"can":[11],"be":[12,43,52,69,103,170],"measured":[13],"remotely":[14],"and":[15,22,62,77,148,180],"are":[16],"also":[17,68],"relatively":[18],"static":[19],"in":[20],"size":[21,147],"structure":[23],"for":[24],"each":[25],"individual.":[26],"Unfortunately,":[27],"at":[28],"present,":[29],"good":[30],"recognition":[31,187],"rates":[32],"require":[33],"controlled":[34],"conditions.":[35],"For":[36],"commercial":[37],"use,":[38],"these":[39],"systems":[40],"need":[41],"to":[42,51,71,95,128,169,172,178,182],"much":[44],"more":[45],"robust.":[46],"have":[50],"recognized":[53],"from":[54,74,136],"different":[55,59,64],"angles":[56,176],"(poses),":[57],"under":[58],"lighting":[60],"conditions,":[61],"with":[63,190],"cameras.":[65],"It":[66],"must":[67],"possible":[70],"distinguish":[72],"background":[75,173],"clutter":[76],"identify":[78],"them":[79],"when":[80],"partly":[81],"occluded":[82],"by":[83],"hair,":[84],"hats,":[85],"or":[86],"other":[87],"objects.":[88],"The":[89,112,141],"purpose":[90],"of":[91,163],"this":[92],"paper":[93],"is":[94,126],"suggest":[96],"how":[97],"progress":[98],"toward":[99],"such":[100],"robustness":[101],"might":[102],"achieved":[104],"through":[105],"technique":[107,168],"that":[108,125],"improves":[109],"ear":[110,120,192],"registration.":[111],"approach":[113],"focuses":[114],"on":[115,160],"2-D":[116,156],"images,":[117],"treating":[118],"the":[119,145,167],"planar":[123],"surface":[124],"registered":[127],"gallery":[130,146],"using":[131,153],"homography":[133],"transform":[134],"calculated":[135],"scale-invariant":[137],"feature-transform":[138],"feature":[139,142],"matches.":[140],"matches":[143],"reduce":[144],"enable":[149],"precise":[151],"ranking":[152],"simple":[155],"distance":[157],"algorithm.":[158],"Analysis":[159],"range":[162],"data":[164],"sets":[165],"demonstrates":[166],"robust":[171],"clutter,":[174],"viewing":[175],"up":[177,181],"\u00b113\u00b0,":[179],"18%":[183],"occlusion.":[184],"addition,":[186],"remains":[188],"accurate":[189],"masked":[191],"images":[193],"small":[195],"20":[197],"\u00d7":[198],"35":[199],"pixels.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
