{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7130436176","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2026.3659876","title":"A Multigranularity Fuzzy Inference Approach for Out-of-Distribution Detection in Fault Diagnosis","display_name":"A Multigranularity Fuzzy Inference Approach for Out-of-Distribution Detection in Fault Diagnosis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7130436176","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2026.3659876"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.2026.3659876","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2026.3659876","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209078","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Systems","issn_l":"2168-2216","issn":["2168-2216","2168-2232"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122306724","display_name":"Fir Dunkin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fir Dunkin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Measurement and Control of CSE, School of Automation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0017-9808","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Measurement and Control of CSE, School of Automation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121721967","display_name":"Xinde LI","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinde Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Measurement and Control of CSE, School of Automation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1529-4537","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Measurement and Control of CSE, School of Automation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Bin Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9149-7336"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9149-7336","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126337158","display_name":"Guoliang Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoliang Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Measurement and Control of CSE, School of Automation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0880-0926","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Measurement and Control of CSE, School of Automation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126283476","display_name":"Tao Shen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34949971","display_name":"University of Jinan","ror":"https://ror.org/02mjz6f26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34949971"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6280-7091","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34949971"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Bing Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1392-8502"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Measurement and Control of CSE, School of Automation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1392-8502","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Measurement and Control of CSE, School of Automation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126331486","display_name":"Shuzhi Sam Ge","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuzhi Sam Ge","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Social Robotics Laboratory, Interactive Digital Media Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5549-312X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Social Robotics Laboratory, Interactive Digital Media Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.21595759,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"6","first_page":"3612","last_page":"3622"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.6478999853134155,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.6478999853134155,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.1777999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.06599999964237213,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.6019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-logic","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","score":0.5782999992370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.5648000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.5166000127792358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-detection-and-isolation","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","score":0.4341999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-neuro-fuzzy-inference-system","display_name":"Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system","score":0.42879998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-set","display_name":"Fuzzy set","score":0.40380001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.3978999853134155}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6292999982833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6026999950408936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.5782999992370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.5648000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5412999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5166000127792358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152745839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438153","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","level":3,"score":0.4341999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186108316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352530","display_name":"Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system","level":4,"score":0.42879998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42011625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1055058","display_name":"Fuzzy set","level":3,"score":0.40380001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3978999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.38850000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3790999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.34709998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.33230000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195975749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475705","display_name":"Fuzzy control system","level":3,"score":0.30820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780992000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17016113","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","level":3,"score":0.2919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112789634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18207010","display_name":"False positives and false negatives","level":3,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25679999589920044}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.2026.3659876","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2026.3659876","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209078","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Systems","issn_l":"2168-2216","issn":["2168-2216","2168-2232"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2038491830","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62073072","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2187712728","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JCYJ20210324132202005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336736","funder_display_name":"Chengdu Science and Technology Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G593005350","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JCYJ20220818101206014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336736","funder_display_name":"Chengdu Science and Technology Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6149225315","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U25A20477","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8035212347","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62233003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336736","display_name":"Chengdu Science and Technology Program","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"intelligent":[1],"fault":[2,52,132],"diagnosis":[3],"has":[4],"achieved":[5],"notable":[6],"success":[7],"in":[8,131],"identifying":[9],"known":[10],"mechanical":[11],"failures;":[12],"however,":[13],"reliably":[14],"detecting":[15],"out-of-distribution":[16],"(OOD)":[17],"faults":[18],"remains":[19],"a":[20,59,121,140,173],"key":[21],"challenge":[22],"to":[23,77],"achieve":[24],"the":[25,75,109,156,167],"diagnostic":[26],"robustness.":[27],"In":[28],"industrial":[29,180],"applications,":[30],"vibration":[31],"signals":[32],"are":[33],"typically":[34,93],"collected":[35],"as":[36],"time-series":[37],"data":[38],"whose":[39],"dynamic":[40],"characteristics":[41],"vary":[42],"with":[43,49],"load,":[44],"speed,":[45],"and":[46,79,85,103,149,171],"environmental":[47],"interference,":[48],"weak":[50],"early":[51],"patterns":[53],"that":[54,163],"blur":[55],"class":[56],"boundaries.":[57],"As":[58],"result,":[60],"models":[61,135],"trained":[62],"under":[63,111],"limited":[64],"laboratory":[65],"conditions":[66],"inevitably":[67],"encounter":[68],"unseen":[69],"OOD":[70,87,168],"inputs":[71],"after":[72],"deployment,":[73],"requiring":[74],"ability":[76],"recognize":[78],"reject":[80],"them":[81,144],"reliably.":[82],"Existing":[83],"representation-":[84],"similarity-based":[86],"methods":[88],"have":[89],"shown":[90],"promise":[91],"but":[92],"rely":[94],"on":[95,139],"single-granularity":[96],"prototypes,":[97],"capturing":[98],"only":[99],"coarse":[100],"similarity":[101],"structures":[102],"overlooking":[104],"latent":[105],"subclass":[106,137],"relations\u2014thus":[107],"limiting":[108],"generalization":[110],"complex":[112],"degradation":[113],"modes.":[114],"To":[115],"address":[116],"these":[117],"limitations,":[118],"we":[119],"propose":[120],"multigranularity":[122],"fuzzy":[123,147,158],"inference":[124],"(MgFI)":[125],"framework":[126,176],"for":[127,177],"enhanced":[128],"uncertainty":[129],"quantification":[130],"diagnosis.":[133],"MgFI":[134,164],"fine-grained":[136],"memberships":[138],"hyperspherical":[141],"manifold,":[142],"aggregates":[143],"into":[145],"class-level":[146],"sets,":[148],"infers":[150],"coarse-grained":[151],"In-distribution":[152],"(ID)":[153],"confidence":[154],"through":[155],"hierarchical":[157],"reasoning.":[159],"Extensive":[160],"experiments":[161],"demonstrate":[162],"substantially":[165],"improves":[166],"detection":[169],"accuracy":[170],"provides":[172],"principled,":[174],"interpretable":[175],"trustworthy":[178],"open-set":[179],"diagnostics.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-02-19T00:00:00"}