{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415222162","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2025.3612832","title":"Obstacle-Avoiding X-Architecture Bounded-Skew Tree Algorithm Under Timing Slack Constraints","display_name":"Obstacle-Avoiding X-Architecture Bounded-Skew Tree Algorithm Under Timing Slack Constraints","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415222162","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2025.3612832"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.2025.3612832","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2025.3612832","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209078","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Systems","issn_l":"2168-2216","issn":["2168-2216","2168-2232"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045753829","display_name":"Genggeng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3099-4371"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Genggeng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Data Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3099-4371","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Data Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033629471","display_name":"Ren Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7048-4547"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ren Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Data Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Data Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089098757","display_name":"Yuhan Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0246-3653"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuhan Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Data Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0246-3653","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Data Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025126635","display_name":"Zhifeng Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5881-2604"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhifeng Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5881-2604","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075910599","display_name":"Chuandong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6216-1625"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuandong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microelectronics Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microelectronics Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047001937","display_name":"Min Gan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2756-0054"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Gan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Data Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2756-0054","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Data Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101854580","display_name":"Jianli Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1391-2696"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianli Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1391-2696","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100643723","display_name":"Wenzhong Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4118-8823"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenzhong Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Data Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4118-8823","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Data Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9389,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81065714,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"55","issue":"12","first_page":"9426","last_page":"9440"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9776999950408936,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9776999950408936,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9768000245094299,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10317","display_name":"Advanced Database Systems and Queries","score":0.9747999906539917,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.5982999801635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skew","display_name":"Skew","score":0.5831999778747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4749000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.45010000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.42570000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-routing","display_name":"Static routing","score":0.41749998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.39329999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.36640000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.36250001192092896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6855999827384949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.5982999801635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43711488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534783","display_name":"Skew","level":2,"score":0.5831999778747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4749000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.45010000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.42570000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204948658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1119410","display_name":"Static routing","level":4,"score":0.41749998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.39329999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.36640000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.36250001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3513000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.34610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3434000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76522221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5035396","display_name":"Multipath routing","level":5,"score":0.336899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93682380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2025226","display_name":"Static timing analysis","level":2,"score":0.3327000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.3192000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.30399999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3010999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106516650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm design","level":2,"score":0.28380000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140745168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1210082","display_name":"Tree traversal","level":2,"score":0.28029999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778937211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486598","display_name":"Quicksort","level":4,"score":0.2759999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123745756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665949","display_name":"Interconnection","level":2,"score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147297375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6674930","display_name":"Look-ahead","level":2,"score":0.2718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117690923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1484784","display_name":"Placement","level":4,"score":0.2702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983435990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22725","display_name":"Network routing","level":3,"score":0.2547000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62469222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092103","display_name":"Hybrid algorithm (constraint satisfaction)","level":5,"score":0.2524999976158142}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.2025.3612832","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2025.3612832","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209078","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Systems","issn_l":"2168-2216","issn":["2168-2216","2168-2232"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3785223213","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023J06017","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3949464299","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62372109","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1944814515","https://openalex.org/W1982719471","https://openalex.org/W2011024254","https://openalex.org/W2013328386","https://openalex.org/W2072005378","https://openalex.org/W2076373487","https://openalex.org/W2082029512","https://openalex.org/W2125831674","https://openalex.org/W2135521848","https://openalex.org/W2336682439","https://openalex.org/W2437760820","https://openalex.org/W2616362789","https://openalex.org/W2783576711","https://openalex.org/W2810257922","https://openalex.org/W2918862445","https://openalex.org/W2944270464","https://openalex.org/W2946099661","https://openalex.org/W2947501667","https://openalex.org/W2980548235","https://openalex.org/W2999065482","https://openalex.org/W3009763795","https://openalex.org/W3015807029","https://openalex.org/W3025540347","https://openalex.org/W3033930113","https://openalex.org/W3041140528","https://openalex.org/W3082362152","https://openalex.org/W3152478675","https://openalex.org/W3152719968","https://openalex.org/W3172511692","https://openalex.org/W3197945007","https://openalex.org/W3199022331","https://openalex.org/W3210524720","https://openalex.org/W4220763447","https://openalex.org/W4250029655","https://openalex.org/W4283814096","https://openalex.org/W4377969929","https://openalex.org/W4386132204","https://openalex.org/W4386765175","https://openalex.org/W4391341394","https://openalex.org/W4391529288","https://openalex.org/W4392668897","https://openalex.org/W4399881351"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"interconnect":[1],"delay":[2],"increasingly":[3],"becomes":[4],"the":[5,14,31,33,40,49,55,58,87,115,152,196,207,215],"primary":[6],"source":[7],"of":[8,42,51,60,66,154],"chip":[9],"delay,":[10],"timing":[11,82,92,217],"analysis":[12],"in":[13,30,98],"very":[15],"large-scale":[16],"integration":[17],"(VLSI)":[18],"routing":[19,52,67,172,188],"process":[20],"is":[21,107,123,148,167,184],"becoming":[22],"more":[23,63],"crucial.":[24],"Concurrently,":[25],"to":[26,48,109,125,150,169,186,194],"maintain":[27],"computational":[28],"synchronization":[29],"chip,":[32],"bounded-skew":[34,77,224],"constraint":[35],"must":[36],"be":[37],"introduced.":[38],"Additionally,":[39],"issue":[41],"obstacle-avoiding":[43,75,165],"has":[44],"gained":[45],"attention":[46],"due":[47],"presence":[50],"obstacles":[53,173],"on":[54],"chip.":[56],"Furthermore,":[57],"introduction":[59],"X-architecture":[61,76,97],"enables":[62],"efficient":[64],"utilization":[65],"resources.":[68],"In":[69],"this":[70],"article,":[71],"we":[72],"propose":[73],"an":[74,103,164],"tree":[78],"(BST)":[79],"algorithm":[80,209],"under":[81],"slack":[83,144],"constraints,":[84],"which,":[85],"for":[86,114],"first":[88],"time,":[89],"simultaneously":[90],"considers":[91],"slack,":[93],"bounded-skew,":[94],"obstacle-avoidance,":[95],"and":[96,133,161,214,223],"a":[99,119,135,140,180],"unified":[100],"framework.":[101],"First,":[102],"effective":[104],"preprocessing":[105],"strategy":[106,122,147,166,183],"presented":[108],"support":[110],"fast":[111],"information":[112],"retrieval":[113],"subsequent":[116],"strategies.":[117],"Second,":[118],"BST":[120],"construction":[121],"developed":[124],"ensure":[126],"compliance":[127],"with":[128,190],"skew":[129,137],"constraints":[130],"by":[131,157],"consulting":[132],"updating":[134],"dedicated":[136],"table.":[138],"Third,":[139],"local":[141],"worst":[142],"negative":[143],"(WNS)":[145],"optimization":[146],"designed":[149,185],"improve":[151],"WNS":[153],"critical":[155],"paths":[156],"balancing":[158],"wirelength":[159],"(WL)":[160],"radius.":[162],"Fourth,":[163],"implemented":[168],"navigate":[170],"around":[171],"while":[174,220],"minimizing":[175],"unnecessary":[176],"WL":[177,213],"overhead.":[178],"Finally,":[179],"path":[181],"refinement":[182],"select":[187],"structures":[189],"maximal":[191],"edge":[192],"sharing":[193],"replace":[195],"initial":[197],"structure,":[198],"thereby":[199],"further":[200],"optimizing":[201],"WL.":[202],"Experimental":[203],"results":[204],"demonstrate":[205],"that":[206],"proposed":[208],"significantly":[210],"improves":[211],"both":[212],"key":[216],"metric":[218],"WNS,":[219],"satisfying":[221],"obstacle-avoidance":[222],"constraints.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-20T23:13:51.555489","created_date":"2025-10-16T00:00:00"}
