{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413978035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2025.3602679","title":"Cooperative Target Fencing of Uncertain Multi-USVs: A Reinforcement Learning-Based Approach","display_name":"Cooperative Target Fencing of Uncertain Multi-USVs: A Reinforcement Learning-Based Approach","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413978035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2025.3602679"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.2025.3602679","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2025.3602679","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209078","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Systems","issn_l":"2168-2216","issn":["2168-2216","2168-2232"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109657272","display_name":"Guanglin Gong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guanglin Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089463333","display_name":"Dan Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5122-7200"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5122-7200","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101269467","display_name":"Zhexin Luo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhexin Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040088510","display_name":"Guanghui Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0070-8597"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guanghui Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0070-8597","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7777,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77298989,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"55","issue":"11","first_page":"8006","last_page":"8017"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12782","display_name":"Assembly Line Balancing Optimization","score":0.7265999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12782","display_name":"Assembly Line Balancing Optimization","score":0.7265999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10328","display_name":"Supply Chain and Inventory Management","score":0.6941999793052673,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.6793000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fencing","display_name":"Fencing","score":0.941737949848175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement","display_name":"Reinforcement","score":0.6210126876831055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.458435595035553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4220544695854187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34563159942626953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.25615471601486206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.09859439730644226}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48515440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5443009","display_name":"Fencing","level":2,"score":0.941737949848175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.6210126876831055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.458435595035553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4220544695854187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34563159942626953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.25615471601486206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.09859439730644226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.2025.3602679","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2025.3602679","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209078","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Systems","issn_l":"2168-2216","issn":["2168-2216","2168-2232"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2276033437","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62306071","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2843151570","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62325304","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7923415795","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20233002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329290","funder_display_name":"China Ship Scientific Research Center"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8967878662","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U22B2046","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329290","display_name":"China Ship Scientific Research Center","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981209947","https://openalex.org/W2084163350","https://openalex.org/W2129275525","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2278307206","https://openalex.org/W2492811885","https://openalex.org/W2527565459","https://openalex.org/W2730737685","https://openalex.org/W2762068781","https://openalex.org/W2799475528","https://openalex.org/W2945826370","https://openalex.org/W2947259111","https://openalex.org/W2951036575","https://openalex.org/W2963614628","https://openalex.org/W3011814489","https://openalex.org/W3021993756","https://openalex.org/W3034625574","https://openalex.org/W3043763914","https://openalex.org/W3096302072","https://openalex.org/W3120111328","https://openalex.org/W3171453668","https://openalex.org/W3207816706","https://openalex.org/W4297965085","https://openalex.org/W4312053958","https://openalex.org/W4321195868","https://openalex.org/W4362474446","https://openalex.org/W4387029856","https://openalex.org/W4402569815","https://openalex.org/W4402895034"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2256503905","https://openalex.org/W2509583847","https://openalex.org/W3134534053","https://openalex.org/W2365057474","https://openalex.org/W566586115","https://openalex.org/W2200987106","https://openalex.org/W1944704323"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"is":[2,75,110],"dedicated":[3],"to":[4,24,36,58,77,113,127],"solving":[5],"the":[6,64,93,129],"cooperative":[7],"collision-free":[8],"target":[9,86],"fencing":[10,87],"control":[11,32,56,73],"problem":[12],"for":[13,80],"a":[14,53,67],"class":[15],"of":[16,141],"multiple":[17],"unmanned":[18],"surface":[19],"vehicle":[20],"(multi-USV)":[21],"systems":[22],"subject":[23],"external":[25,39,81],"disturbances":[26,82],"and":[27,44,83,118],"uncertain":[28],"dynamics.":[29],"While":[30],"existing":[31],"strategies":[33],"often":[34],"struggle":[35],"simultaneously":[37],"address":[38,114],"disturbances,":[40],"internal":[41,115],"system":[42,116],"uncertainties,":[43],"safety":[45],"constraints":[46],"in":[47,139],"real-world":[48],"applications,":[49],"this":[50,91],"study":[51],"proposes":[52],"robust":[54],"two-stage":[55],"strategy":[57],"effectively":[59,78],"tackle":[60],"these":[61],"challenges.":[62],"In":[63],"first":[65],"stage,":[66],"baseline":[68],"controller":[69,99],"leveraging":[70],"sliding":[71],"mode":[72],"(SMC)":[74],"developed":[76],"compensate":[79],"establish":[84],"fundamental":[85],"capabilities.":[88],"Building":[89],"on":[90],"foundation,":[92],"second":[94],"stage":[95],"introduces":[96],"an":[97],"advanced":[98],"enhanced":[100],"by":[101],"soft":[102],"actor\u2013critic":[103],"(SAC)":[104],"reinforcement":[105],"learning":[106],"(RL)":[107],"technique,":[108],"which":[109],"specifically":[111],"tailored":[112],"uncertainties":[117],"guarantee":[119],"collision":[120],"avoidance.":[121],"Finally,":[122],"numerical":[123],"simulations":[124],"are":[125],"performed":[126],"validate":[128],"proposed":[130],"approach,":[131],"demonstrating":[132],"its":[133],"advantages":[134],"over":[135],"conventional":[136],"RL-based":[137],"methods":[138],"terms":[140],"efficiency.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
