{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402742620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2024.3456810","title":"Unmasking Covert Intrusions: Detection of Fault-Masking Cyberattacks on Differential Protection Systems","display_name":"Unmasking Covert Intrusions: Detection of Fault-Masking Cyberattacks on Differential Protection Systems","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402742620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2024.3456810"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.2024.3456810","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2024.3456810","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209078","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Systems","issn_l":"2168-2216","issn":["2168-2216","2168-2232"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034965559","display_name":"Ahmad Mohammad Saber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3115-2384"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113003","display_name":"Physical Sciences (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/021qvjc46","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113003"]}],"countries":["AE","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Mohammad Saber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375","https://openalex.org/I4210113003"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085765243","display_name":"Amr Youssef","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4284-8646"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amr Youssef","raw_affiliation_strings":["Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049821727","display_name":"Davor Svetinovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3020-9556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Davor Svetinovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021263540","display_name":"Hatem Zeineldin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1500-1260"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113003","display_name":"Physical Sciences (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/021qvjc46","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113003"]}],"countries":["AE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hatem Zeineldin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375","https://openalex.org/I4210113003"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020667524","display_name":"Ehab F. El\u2010Saadany","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0172-0686"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113003","display_name":"Physical Sciences (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/021qvjc46","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113003"]}],"countries":["AE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ehab F. El-Saadany","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375","https://openalex.org/I4210113003"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034965559"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375","https://openalex.org/I4210113003"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8146,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91614067,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":"12","first_page":"7683","last_page":"7696"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.7560712099075317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/masking","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","score":0.6079370975494385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5903666615486145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential","display_name":"Differential (mechanical device)","score":0.5600910186767578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.520195722579956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-protection","display_name":"Differential protection","score":0.4363239109516144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.4250245690345764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13843297958374023}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.7560712099075317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777402240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6783436","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","level":2,"score":0.6079370975494385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5903666615486145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93226319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193137","display_name":"Differential (mechanical device)","level":2,"score":0.5600910186767578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.520195722579956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986957705","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756067","display_name":"Differential protection","level":4,"score":0.4363239109516144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.4250245690345764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13843297958374023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.2024.3456810","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2024.3456810","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209078","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Systems","issn_l":"2168-2216","issn":["2168-2216","2168-2232"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1521492382","https://openalex.org/W1987301874","https://openalex.org/W2038651258","https://openalex.org/W2039875296","https://openalex.org/W2082104930","https://openalex.org/W2095577883","https://openalex.org/W2119150272","https://openalex.org/W2150673716","https://openalex.org/W2153281696","https://openalex.org/W2517303124","https://openalex.org/W2751554702","https://openalex.org/W2800842075","https://openalex.org/W3024220614","https://openalex.org/W3107270903","https://openalex.org/W3159120220","https://openalex.org/W3195419109","https://openalex.org/W4210337972","https://openalex.org/W4285210777","https://openalex.org/W4312241957","https://openalex.org/W4360995385","https://openalex.org/W4368232695","https://openalex.org/W4380839000","https://openalex.org/W4382203149","https://openalex.org/W4386736575","https://openalex.org/W4388145718","https://openalex.org/W4389961076","https://openalex.org/W6678911119"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2523525694","https://openalex.org/W2998642566","https://openalex.org/W2392682561","https://openalex.org/W57793151","https://openalex.org/W2804882289","https://openalex.org/W2727423897","https://openalex.org/W2497612952","https://openalex.org/W4247948804","https://openalex.org/W2392053643","https://openalex.org/W2595182909"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Line":[0],"current":[1],"differential":[2],"relays":[3,7],"(LCDRs)":[4],"are":[5,17,24],"high-speed":[6],"progressively":[8],"used":[9],"to":[10,19,37,59],"protect":[11],"critical":[12],"transmission":[13,74],"lines.":[14],"However,":[15],"LCDRs":[16,169],"vulnerable":[18],"cyberattacks.":[20],"Fault-masking":[21],"attacks":[22],"(FMAs)":[23],"stealthy":[25],"cyberattacks":[26],"performed":[27],"by":[28,48,135,174],"manipulating":[29],"the":[30,34,41,72,91,98,108,112,122,132,136,140,151,161,190],"remote":[31,95],"measurements":[32,96],"of":[33,142],"targeted":[35],"LCDR":[36,99,137],"disguise":[38],"faults":[39],"on":[40,131,168],"protected":[42,73,134],"line.":[43],"Hence,":[44],"they":[45],"remain":[46],"undetected":[47],"this":[49,52],"LCDR.":[50],"In":[51],"article,":[53],"we":[54],"propose":[55],"a":[56,66,87,115,126],"two-module":[57],"framework":[58,147,163],"detect":[60,166],"FMAs.":[61],"The":[62,79,145],"first":[63],"module":[64],"is":[65,81,86,101,110,125,148,171],"mismatch":[67,89],"index":[68],"(MI)":[69],"developed":[70],"from":[71],"line\u2019s":[75],"equivalent":[76],"physical":[77,127],"model.":[78],"MI":[80,109],"triggered":[82],"only":[83],"if":[84],"there":[85],"significant":[88],"in":[90],"LCDR\u2019s":[92],"local":[93],"and":[94,170],"while":[97],"itself":[100],"untriggered,":[102],"which":[103],"indicates":[104],"an":[105,143],"FMA.":[106,144],"After":[107],"triggered,":[111],"second":[113],"module,":[114],"neural":[116],"network-based":[117],"classifier,":[118],"promptly":[119],"confirms":[120],"that":[121,129,160],"triggering":[123],"event":[124],"fault":[128],"lies":[130],"line":[133],"before":[138],"declaring":[139],"occurrence":[141],"proposed":[146,162,191],"tested":[149],"using":[150,185],"IEEE":[152],"39-bus":[153],"benchmark":[154],"system.":[155],"Our":[156,182],"simulation":[157],"results":[158,184],"confirm":[159,189],"can":[164],"accurately":[165],"FMAs":[167],"not":[172],"affected":[173],"normal":[175],"system":[176],"disturbances,":[177],"variations,":[178],"or":[179],"measurement":[180],"noise.":[181],"experimental":[183],"OPAL-RT\u2019s":[186],"real-time":[187,193],"simulator":[188],"solution\u2019s":[192],"performance":[194],"capability.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
