{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394966883","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2024.3382828","title":"Flashlight-Net: A Modular Convolutional Neural Network for Motor Imagery EEG Classification","display_name":"Flashlight-Net: A Modular Convolutional Neural Network for Motor Imagery EEG Classification","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394966883","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2024.3382828"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.2024.3382828","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2024.3382828","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209078","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Systems","issn_l":"2168-2216","issn":["2168-2216","2168-2232"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080578053","display_name":"Weidong Dang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5898-4853"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Weidong Dang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067891086","display_name":"Dongmei Lv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6165-4049"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongmei Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085771392","display_name":"Mengxiao Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4300-8231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengxiao Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technology University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technology University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082785858","display_name":"Xinlin Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5257-6285"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinlin Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115501056","display_name":"Yong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9945-8131"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151075929","display_name":"Army Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/05w21nn13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151075929"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117763","display_name":"Xinqiao Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02d217z27","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117763"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117763","https://openalex.org/I151075929"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019554559","display_name":"Celso Grebogi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9811-4617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195460627","display_name":"University of Aberdeen","ror":"https://ror.org/016476m91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Celso Grebogi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Complex Systems and Mathematical Biology, King&#x2019;s College, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Complex Systems and Mathematical Biology, King&#x2019;s College, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082820311","display_name":"Zhongke Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9551-202X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongke Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080578053"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.4373,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96401171,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":"7","first_page":"4507","last_page":"4516"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain\u2013computer-interface","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","score":0.8693128228187561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7832086682319641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.6753983497619629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-imagery","display_name":"Motor imagery","score":0.641838550567627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6220849752426147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6085352301597595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5322197675704956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.5103971362113953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4630667567253113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.46260273456573486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiclass-classification","display_name":"Multiclass classification","score":0.4318752586841583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.42507702112197876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.35896992683410645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.32525449991226196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.2754455804824829}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.8693128228187561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7832086682319641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.6753983497619629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54808283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6918191","display_name":"Motor imagery","level":4,"score":0.641838550567627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6220849752426147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6085352301597595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5322197675704956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.5103971362113953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4630667567253113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.46260273456573486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123860398","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934605","display_name":"Multiclass classification","level":3,"score":0.4318752586841583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.42507702112197876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.35896992683410645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.32525449991226196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.2754455804824829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.2024.3382828","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2024.3382828","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209078","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Systems","issn_l":"2168-2216","issn":["2168-2216","2168-2232"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aura.abdn.ac.uk:2164/23316","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://aura.abdn.ac.uk/bitstream/2164/23316/1/Dang_etal_IEEETSMCS_Flashlight_Net_A_AAM.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400966","display_name":"Aberdeen University Research Archive (Aberdeen University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I195460627","host_organization_name":"University of Aberdeen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3578521740","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62373278","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6865947110","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62306209","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7850877994","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023M732596","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967545169","https://openalex.org/W1969878365","https://openalex.org/W2052059892","https://openalex.org/W2116308679","https://openalex.org/W2131321253","https://openalex.org/W2152119085","https://openalex.org/W2153975417","https://openalex.org/W2213712841","https://openalex.org/W2346353886","https://openalex.org/W2354225344","https://openalex.org/W2464397079","https://openalex.org/W2557301950","https://openalex.org/W2559463885","https://openalex.org/W2741907166","https://openalex.org/W2743838086","https://openalex.org/W2763583057","https://openalex.org/W2771420523","https://openalex.org/W2790114788","https://openalex.org/W2792724009","https://openalex.org/W2792764867","https://openalex.org/W2802723950","https://openalex.org/W2808098316","https://openalex.org/W2811155326","https://openalex.org/W2898468701","https://openalex.org/W2900786131","https://openalex.org/W2904488225","https://openalex.org/W2913246999","https://openalex.org/W2944559085","https://openalex.org/W2951108876","https://openalex.org/W2954214015","https://openalex.org/W2971610554","https://openalex.org/W2983284857","https://openalex.org/W2986984881","https://openalex.org/W3004859010","https://openalex.org/W3019839791","https://openalex.org/W3035770885","https://openalex.org/W3048617990","https://openalex.org/W3082414409","https://openalex.org/W3102455230","https://openalex.org/W3126287844","https://openalex.org/W3166600546","https://openalex.org/W3196333251","https://openalex.org/W4200044853","https://openalex.org/W4200208186","https://openalex.org/W4206903026","https://openalex.org/W4285110330","https://openalex.org/W6696085341","https://openalex.org/W6749825310"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977940006","https://openalex.org/W2887556756","https://openalex.org/W2947925238","https://openalex.org/W195417223","https://openalex.org/W1984377984","https://openalex.org/W1961545574","https://openalex.org/W3045772920","https://openalex.org/W2510077457","https://openalex.org/W2047816336","https://openalex.org/W2944296668"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Brain-computer":[0],"interface":[1],"(BCI)":[2],"establishes":[3],"an":[4,98,148],"interactive":[5],"platform":[6],"by":[7,106],"translating":[8],"brain":[9],"activity":[10],"patterns":[11],"into":[12,27],"commands":[13],"of":[14,30,71,81,88,108,152],"external":[15],"devices.":[16],"BCIs,":[17,22],"especially":[18],"motor":[19],"imagery":[20],"(MI)-based":[21],"have":[23],"injected":[24],"new":[25],"vitality":[26],"the":[28,69,79,85,89,103,136,161],"development":[29],"rehabilitation":[31],"medicine":[32],"and":[33,64,96,112,169],"many":[34],"other":[35],"fields.":[36],"In":[37],"this":[38],"work,":[39],"one":[40],"convolutional":[41],"neural":[42],"network,":[43],"named":[44],"as":[45],"Flashlight-Net":[46,54,100,163],"model,":[47],"is":[48],"proposed":[49,137,162],"for":[50,154],"multiclass":[51,170],"MI":[52,171],"classification.":[53],"model":[55,104,138,164],"adopts":[56],"modular":[57],"design,":[58],"in":[59],"which":[60],"channel":[61],"fusion":[62],"module":[63,67,77],"time":[65],"domain":[66],"ensure":[68],"directions":[70],"feature":[72,75],"extraction,":[73],"while":[74],"pool":[76],"reduces":[78],"loss":[80],"effective":[82],"information.":[83],"Given":[84],"multi-frequency":[86],"nature":[87],"brain,":[90],"we":[91],"combine":[92],"three":[93],"frequency":[94],"bands":[95],"construct":[97],"ensemble":[99],"model.":[101],"During":[102],"training,":[105],"means":[107],"transfer":[109],"learning,":[110],"pretraining":[111],"fine-tuning":[113],"processes":[114],"are":[115],"designed":[116],"to":[117],"integrate":[118],"training":[119],"samples":[120],"from":[121],"multiple":[122],"subjects.":[123],"The":[124],"experimental":[125],"results":[126,142],"on":[127,143],"publicly":[128],"available":[129],"BCI":[130],"Competition":[131],"IV-2a":[132],"dataset":[133],"show":[134],"that":[135,160],"can":[139,165],"achieve":[140],"good":[141],"all":[144],"nine":[145],"subjects,":[146],"with":[147],"average":[149],"classification":[150],"accuracy":[151],"81.23%":[153],"four":[155],"classes.":[156],"All":[157],"these":[158],"demonstrate":[159],"effectively":[166],"decode":[167],"multi-channel":[168],"signals.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
