{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312905045","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2022.3228928","title":"ParaDefender: A Scenario-Driven Parallel System for Defending Metaverses","display_name":"ParaDefender: A Scenario-Driven Parallel System for Defending Metaverses","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312905045","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2022.3228928"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.2022.3228928","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2022.3228928","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6221021/10073973/09997137.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209078","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Systems","issn_l":"2168-2216","issn":["2168-2216","2168-2232"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6221021/10073973/09997137.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015554980","display_name":"Jinpeng Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2451-5880"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinpeng Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2451-5880","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102897581","display_name":"Manzhi Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9145-6081"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111950717","display_name":"Macau University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03jqs2n27","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111950717","https://openalex.org/I4391767947"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manzhi Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Macau Institute of Systems Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Macau Institute of Systems Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111950717"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100649672","display_name":"Xiaoguang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8977-9353"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111950717","display_name":"Macau University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03jqs2n27","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111950717","https://openalex.org/I4391767947"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoguang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Macau Institute of Systems Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8977-9353","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Macau Institute of Systems Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111950717"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100444832","display_name":"Hongtao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6939-3672"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongtao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["MOE Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks and Network Security, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MOE Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks and Network Security, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100605907","display_name":"Yuntao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3810-7076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuntao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["MOE Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks and Network Security, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3810-7076","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MOE Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks and Network Security, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101644345","display_name":"Jianhao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6268-8304"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianhao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["MOE Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks and Network Security, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MOE Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks and Network Security, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066407180","display_name":"Zhou Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6518-3130"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["MOE Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks and Network Security, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MOE Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks and Network Security, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100332653","display_name":"Zhen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0893-0918"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Automatic Control Technology Institute, Taiyuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Automatic Control Technology Institute, Taiyuan, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003951925","display_name":"Xiaobo Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0934-5035"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaobo Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["MOE Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks and Network Security, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0934-5035","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MOE Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks and Network Security, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.0904,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96503435,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"53","issue":"4","first_page":"2118","last_page":"2127"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.491627037525177}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.491627037525177}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.2022.3228928","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2022.3228928","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6221021/10073973/09997137.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209078","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Systems","issn_l":"2168-2216","issn":["2168-2216","2168-2232"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.2022.3228928","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2022.3228928","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6221021/10073973/09997137.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209078","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Systems","issn_l":"2168-2216","issn":["2168-2216","2168-2232"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1349796033","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018AAA0101502","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326707","display_name":"State Grid Corporation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/05twwhs70"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312905045.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312905045.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":83,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1453584055","https://openalex.org/W1999454173","https://openalex.org/W2007458260","https://openalex.org/W2028223155","https://openalex.org/W2053328823","https://openalex.org/W2070490823","https://openalex.org/W2087482711","https://openalex.org/W2154703456","https://openalex.org/W2166821106","https://openalex.org/W2528059250","https://openalex.org/W2557083469","https://openalex.org/W2734479159","https://openalex.org/W2735974336","https://openalex.org/W2746629810","https://openalex.org/W2779727709","https://openalex.org/W2783038397","https://openalex.org/W2788460093","https://openalex.org/W2790754501","https://openalex.org/W2793827260","https://openalex.org/W2794966952","https://openalex.org/W2805804251","https://openalex.org/W2806832624","https://openalex.org/W2807601297","https://openalex.org/W2885722305","https://openalex.org/W2898325432","https://openalex.org/W2921874104","https://openalex.org/W2960022945","https://openalex.org/W2964159205","https://openalex.org/W2968404378","https://openalex.org/W2979814938","https://openalex.org/W2997476010","https://openalex.org/W2998763528","https://openalex.org/W2998948574","https://openalex.org/W2999434607","https://openalex.org/W3000511303","https://openalex.org/W3005260862","https://openalex.org/W3006982823","https://openalex.org/W3009011207","https://openalex.org/W3010904226","https://openalex.org/W3016409148","https://openalex.org/W3034966130","https://openalex.org/W3035005405","https://openalex.org/W3039492319","https://openalex.org/W3041682367","https://openalex.org/W3047052966","https://openalex.org/W3049110093","https://openalex.org/W3092764814","https://openalex.org/W3093103153","https://openalex.org/W3100229584","https://openalex.org/W3107803931","https://openalex.org/W3108055496","https://openalex.org/W3109604561","https://openalex.org/W3110407708","https://openalex.org/W3115673219","https://openalex.org/W3115892855","https://openalex.org/W3118991079","https://openalex.org/W3120609170","https://openalex.org/W3120726845","https://openalex.org/W3128173992","https://openalex.org/W3139102972","https://openalex.org/W3150923322","https://openalex.org/W3166494441","https://openalex.org/W3179842577","https://openalex.org/W4205922727","https://openalex.org/W4210592306","https://openalex.org/W4210616537","https://openalex.org/W4211092666","https://openalex.org/W4226197395","https://openalex.org/W4226225860","https://openalex.org/W4226311016","https://openalex.org/W4232929002","https://openalex.org/W4253738585","https://openalex.org/W4288073028","https://openalex.org/W4294891500","https://openalex.org/W4296425724","https://openalex.org/W4296425796","https://openalex.org/W4304162916","https://openalex.org/W4307926598","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6766802360","https://openalex.org/W6790978476","https://openalex.org/W6838557027","https://openalex.org/W6995604626"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,116],"metaverse,":[1,52,185],"as":[2,24,26],"an":[3],"instance":[4],"of":[5,22,156,176],"cyber\u2013physical\u2013social":[6],"systems":[7,13],"(CPSS)":[8],"that":[9,147],"originates":[10],"in":[11,20,31,127,144,159,182],"cyber\u2013physical":[12],"(CPS),":[14],"features":[15],"growing":[16],"complexity,":[17],"and":[18,34,113,123,186],"diversity":[19],"terms":[21],"functionalities,":[23],"well":[25],"the":[27,46,51,56,81,96,138,145,148,160,173,183,187],"exponentially":[28],"increasing":[29],"demand":[30],"network":[32],"bandwidth":[33],"computational":[35,111],"resources,":[36],"thereby":[37],"leading":[38],"to":[39,65,75,79,94,120,129,166],"exaggerated":[40],"security":[41,157,179],"threats.":[42,70],"However,":[43],"compared":[44],"with":[45],"extensive":[47],"attention":[48],"received":[49],"by":[50,104],"solutions":[53,67],"defending":[54],"against":[55,98],"threats":[57,101,158],"have":[58],"not":[59],"kept":[60],"pace.":[61],"A":[62],"major":[63],"obstacle":[64],"such":[66],"is":[68,73,119,141],"virtuality\u2013reality-synthesized":[69],"Therefore,":[71],"it":[72],"imperative":[74],"design":[76],"new":[77,100],"paradigms":[78],"defend":[80,95],"metaverse":[82,97],"effectively.":[83,102],"In":[84],"this":[85],"article,":[86],"we":[87],"advance":[88],"a":[89],"parallel":[90,105,114,128,139],"system,":[91],"dubbed":[92],"ParaDefender,":[93],"emerging":[99],"Inspired":[103],"intelligence,":[106],"ParaDefender":[107,168],"comprises":[108],"artificial":[109,122],"cyberspace,":[110],"experiments,":[112],"execution.":[115],"basic":[117],"idea":[118],"make":[121],"real":[124],"cyberspaces":[125],"executed":[126],"mutually":[130],"guide":[131],"each":[132],"other":[133],"for":[134],"enhanced":[135],"security,":[136],"wherein":[137],"execution":[140],"scenario":[142],"driven":[143],"sense":[146],"scenarios":[149],"originate":[150],"from":[151],"all":[152],"possible":[153],"spatial\u2013temporal":[154],"combinations":[155],"metaverse.":[161],"We":[162],"also":[163],"demonstrate":[164],"how":[165],"land":[167],"onto":[169],"real-world":[170],"applications,":[171],"including":[172],"Industrial":[174],"Internet":[175],"Things":[177],"(IIoT)":[178],"operation":[180],"application":[181],"industrial":[184],"social":[188],"governance":[189],"application.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
