{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285413897","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2022.3186935","title":"Softening and Hardening in the Iterated Prisoner\u2019s Dilemma","display_name":"Softening and Hardening in the Iterated Prisoner\u2019s Dilemma","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285413897","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2022.3186935"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.2022.3186935","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2022.3186935","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209078","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Systems","issn_l":"2168-2216","issn":["2168-2216","2168-2232"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://inria.hal.science/hal-03930337v1/document","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045115675","display_name":"Philippe Mathieu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2786-1209"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153239","display_name":"Centre de Recherche en Informatique, Signal et Automatique de Lille","ror":"https://ror.org/05vrs3189","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I2279609970","https://openalex.org/I4387153239","https://openalex.org/I7454413"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7454413","display_name":"\u00c9cole Centrale de Lille","ror":"https://ror.org/01x441g73","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7454413"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philippe Mathieu","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNRS, Centrale Lille, UMR 9189 CRIStAL, Université de Lille, Lille, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2786-1209","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNRS, Centrale Lille, UMR 9189 CRIStAL, Université de Lille, Lille, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4387153239","https://openalex.org/I7454413"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016986024","display_name":"Jean-Paul Delahaye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-9908"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153239","display_name":"Centre de Recherche en Informatique, Signal et Automatique de Lille","ror":"https://ror.org/05vrs3189","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I2279609970","https://openalex.org/I4387153239","https://openalex.org/I7454413"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7454413","display_name":"\u00c9cole Centrale de Lille","ror":"https://ror.org/01x441g73","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7454413"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jean-Paul Delahaye","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNRS, Centrale Lille, UMR 9189 CRIStAL, Université de Lille, Lille, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-9908","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNRS, Centrale Lille, UMR 9189 CRIStAL, Université de Lille, Lille, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4387153239","https://openalex.org/I7454413"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7324,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77388922,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"53","issue":"2","first_page":"654","last_page":"663"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11252","display_name":"Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11252","display_name":"Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12312","display_name":"Culture, Economy, and Development Studies","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prisoners-dilemma","display_name":"Prisoner's dilemma","score":0.8546055555343628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dilemma","display_name":"Dilemma","score":0.826911211013794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iterated-function","display_name":"Iterated function","score":0.7210453152656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/superrationality","display_name":"Superrationality","score":0.6437768936157227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5112876892089844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-economics","display_name":"Mathematical economics","score":0.4997889995574951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.49452683329582214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.37261444330215454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.35824453830718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.31784337759017944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.23923617601394653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.09952741861343384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.06801718473434448}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113494165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41693","display_name":"Prisoner's dilemma","level":3,"score":0.8546055555343628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778496695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254128","display_name":"Dilemma","level":2,"score":0.826911211013794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140479938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5254619","display_name":"Iterated function","level":2,"score":0.7210453152656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90659851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1300745","display_name":"Superrationality","level":4,"score":0.6437768936157227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5112876892089844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.4997889995574951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.49452683329582214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.37261444330215454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35824453830718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.31784337759017944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.23923617601394653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.09952741861343384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.06801718473434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.2022.3186935","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2022.3186935","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209078","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Systems","issn_l":"2168-2216","issn":["2168-2216","2168-2232"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-03930337v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://inria.hal.science/hal-03930337","pdf_url":"https://inria.hal.science/hal-03930337v1/document","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems, 2023, 53 (2), pp.654 -- 663. ⟨10.1109/TSMC.2022.3186935⟩","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lilloa.univ-lille.fr:20.500.12210/79867","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12210/79867","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402203","display_name":"LillOA (Universit\u00e9 de Lille (University Of Lille))","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210123514","host_organization_name":"Centre d'Etudes en Civilisations, Langues et Litt\u00e9ratures Etrang\u00e8res","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123514"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-03930337v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://inria.hal.science/hal-03930337","pdf_url":"https://inria.hal.science/hal-03930337v1/document","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems, 2023, 53 (2), pp.654 -- 663. ⟨10.1109/TSMC.2022.3186935⟩","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285413897.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285413897.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W170348485","https://openalex.org/W346649610","https://openalex.org/W394103507","https://openalex.org/W1533777201","https://openalex.org/W1535299683","https://openalex.org/W1535799647","https://openalex.org/W1552038057","https://openalex.org/W1972801537","https://openalex.org/W1976450472","https://openalex.org/W1984233751","https://openalex.org/W1991736422","https://openalex.org/W1997323965","https://openalex.org/W2007759681","https://openalex.org/W2021825464","https://openalex.org/W2059706178","https://openalex.org/W2071469669","https://openalex.org/W2108913511","https://openalex.org/W2119458064","https://openalex.org/W2122934142","https://openalex.org/W2145440265","https://openalex.org/W2165390794","https://openalex.org/W2167637335","https://openalex.org/W2323839132","https://openalex.org/W2606734491","https://openalex.org/W2736716408","https://openalex.org/W2765637069","https://openalex.org/W2802490171","https://openalex.org/W2898034718","https://openalex.org/W2915009485","https://openalex.org/W2955727082","https://openalex.org/W3099006717","https://openalex.org/W3165800736","https://openalex.org/W4213390880","https://openalex.org/W4241944903","https://openalex.org/W4242285942","https://openalex.org/W4245478579","https://openalex.org/W4248343814","https://openalex.org/W6632079604","https://openalex.org/W6688335004"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1829339509","https://openalex.org/W3122059234","https://openalex.org/W4299530539","https://openalex.org/W4380049051","https://openalex.org/W4387723278","https://openalex.org/W4298270609","https://openalex.org/W1446198759","https://openalex.org/W3149882248","https://openalex.org/W46230372","https://openalex.org/W2289902232"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"presents":[2],"two":[3],"methods":[4,116],"to":[5],"evaluate":[6],"and":[7,13,41,64,88,105],"draw":[8],"distinction":[9],"among":[10],"general":[11],"cooperative":[12,37],"aggressive":[14,39],"strategic":[15],"behavior":[16],"in":[17],"the":[18,68,72,84,95,99,101,108,139],"iterated":[19],"prisoner\u2019s":[20,140],"dilemma":[21],"(IPD).":[22],"The":[23,47,120],"first":[24],"method":[25,49,125],"identifies":[26],"classes":[27,77],"of":[28,60,78,98,110],"strategies,":[29],"clusters":[30],"them":[31,66],"into":[32],"subclasses":[33],"based":[34],"on":[35,51],"their":[36,45],"or":[38,57],"disposition,":[40],"then":[42],"comprehensively":[43],"assess":[44],"behavior.":[46],"second":[48],"relies":[50],"applying":[52],"transformative":[53],"manipulations":[54],"that":[55,130],"soften":[56],"harden":[58],"strategies":[59,80],"a":[61,127],"given":[62],"set":[63],"compare":[65],"with":[67,71,94],"results":[69,85,102,112],"obtained":[70],"initial":[73,79],"set.":[74],"Although":[75],"examined":[76],"are":[81,86,103],"very":[82],"different,":[83],"stable":[87],"convergent.":[89],"While":[90],"our":[91],"findings":[92],"agree":[93],"classical":[96],"analyses":[97],"IPD,":[100],"qualified":[104],"precise.":[106],"Furthermore,":[107],"reproducibility":[109],"prior":[111],"via":[113],"new":[114,128],"experimental":[115,118],"offer":[117],"evidence.":[119],"proposed":[121],"comparative":[122],"strategy":[123],"analysis":[124],"is":[126],"instrument":[129],"can":[131],"have":[132],"broad":[133],"implications":[134],"for":[135],"analyzing":[136],"games":[137],"beyond":[138],"dilemma.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-25T17:18:41.151588","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}