{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3213705378","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2021.3122802","title":"Reinforcement-Learning-Based Tracking Control of Waste Water Treatment Process Under Realistic System Conditions and Control Performance Requirements","display_name":"Reinforcement-Learning-Based Tracking Control of Waste Water Treatment Process Under Realistic System Conditions and Control Performance Requirements","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3213705378","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2021.3122802","mag":"3213705378"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.2021.3122802","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2021.3122802","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209078","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Systems","issn_l":"2168-2216","issn":["2168-2216","2168-2232"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062534500","display_name":"Qinmin Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1602-8986"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767838","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03a33a786","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391767838","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qinmin Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1602-8986","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391767838"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075456218","display_name":"Weiwei Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2295-6340"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767838","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03a33a786","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391767838","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiwei Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391767838"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019626706","display_name":"Wenchao Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7038-5896"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767838","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03a33a786","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391767838","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenchao Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7038-5896","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391767838"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085653399","display_name":"Jennie Si","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0374-7404"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jennie Si","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0374-7404","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.5714,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":99,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98166342,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"52","issue":"8","first_page":"5284","last_page":"5294"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12794","display_name":"Adaptive Dynamic Programming Control","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12794","display_name":"Adaptive Dynamic Programming Control","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10675","display_name":"Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9611999988555908,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notation","display_name":"Notation","score":0.5019443035125732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4185003340244293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.41136419773101807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3810555934906006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3777692914009094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.23013752698898315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.17603519558906555}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45357846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001982","display_name":"Notation","level":2,"score":0.5019443035125732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4185003340244293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.41136419773101807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3810555934906006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3777692914009094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.23013752698898315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.17603519558906555}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.2021.3122802","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2021.3122802","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209078","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Systems","issn_l":"2168-2216","issn":["2168-2216","2168-2232"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.8899999856948853}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2986212755","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"6200330","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1738086807","https://openalex.org/W1963862923","https://openalex.org/W1978732706","https://openalex.org/W1989795799","https://openalex.org/W1997724116","https://openalex.org/W2000439575","https://openalex.org/W2005675298","https://openalex.org/W2006352352","https://openalex.org/W2023770285","https://openalex.org/W2026104641","https://openalex.org/W2042282587","https://openalex.org/W2050838777","https://openalex.org/W2052286450","https://openalex.org/W2065308975","https://openalex.org/W2074731840","https://openalex.org/W2097488680","https://openalex.org/W2115249980","https://openalex.org/W2153727299","https://openalex.org/W2172186740","https://openalex.org/W2274220166","https://openalex.org/W2344560087","https://openalex.org/W2593282845","https://openalex.org/W2793996673","https://openalex.org/W2800540533","https://openalex.org/W2898930207","https://openalex.org/W2915707381","https://openalex.org/W2947162569","https://openalex.org/W2973010964","https://openalex.org/W2999863957","https://openalex.org/W3010929218","https://openalex.org/W3127452186","https://openalex.org/W3129036502","https://openalex.org/W3139069477","https://openalex.org/W3161975120","https://openalex.org/W3179972165","https://openalex.org/W6637501037","https://openalex.org/W6788917625"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W1979597421","https://openalex.org/W2007980826","https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W2504004674","https://openalex.org/W2061531152","https://openalex.org/W3002753104","https://openalex.org/W2077600819"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,11,49,125,163],"tracking":[1,35,134],"control":[2,36,50,170,182],"of":[3,58,64,80,99,197],"a":[4,55,130],"wastewater":[5],"treatment":[6],"process":[7,12,176],"(WWTP)":[8],"is":[9,13,26,52],"considered.":[10],"highly":[14],"nonlinear,":[15],"with":[16,138,208],"strong":[17,139],"coupling,":[18],"difficult":[19],"to":[20,28,53,203],"model":[21],"mathematically,":[22],"and":[23,77,112,149,156,188,205],"the":[24,40,59,65,81,95,100,142,161,193,198],"operation":[25],"subject":[27],"unknown":[29,158],"disturbances.":[30],"We":[31,184],"address":[32],"this":[33],"multivariable":[34],"problem":[37],"by":[38,93,174,201],"applying":[39],"direct":[41],"heuristic":[42],"dynamic":[43],"programming":[44],"(dHDP)-based":[45],"reinforcement":[46],"learning":[47,181],"control.":[48],"goal":[51],"track":[54],"desired":[56],"reference":[57],"dissolved":[60],"oxygen":[61,96],"(DO)":[62],"concentration":[63,79],"5th":[66,101],"aerobic":[67,102],"zone":[68,84,103],"(":[69,85,104,117],"<inline-formula":[70,86,105,118,143,150],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[71,87,106,119,144,151],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[72,88,107,120,145,152],"<tex-math":[73,89,108,121,146,153],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$S_{O5}$":[74,147],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[75,91,110,123,148,155],")":[76,92,111],"nitrate":[78],"2nd":[82],"anoxic":[83],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$S_{NO2}$":[90,154],"manipulating":[94],"transfer":[97],"coefficient":[98],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$K_{L}a_{5}$":[109],"internal":[113],"recycle":[114],"flow":[115],"rate":[116],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$Q_{a}$":[122],").":[124],"dHDP":[126,165,202],"aims":[127],"at":[128],"achieving":[129],"minimal":[131],"accumulated":[132],"WWTP":[133,175,199],"error":[135],"while":[136],"dealing":[137],"coupling":[140],"between":[141],"eliminating":[157],"disturbances":[159],"in":[160],"process.":[162],"proposed":[164],"approach":[166],"devises":[167],"an":[168,179],"optimal":[169],"strategy":[171],"entirely":[172],"driven":[173],"data":[177],"as":[178],"online":[180],"method.":[183],"have":[185],"conducted":[186],"extensive":[187],"systematic":[189],"simulations":[190],"based":[191],"on":[192],"well-known":[194],"BSM1":[195],"platform":[196],"controlled":[200],"compare":[204],"contrast":[206],"performances":[207],"other":[209],"methods.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}