{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3000225817","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2021.3049278","title":"Detecting Mixing Services via Mining Bitcoin Transaction Network With Hybrid Motifs","display_name":"Detecting Mixing Services via Mining Bitcoin Transaction Network With Hybrid Motifs","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3000225817","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2021.3049278","mag":"3000225817"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.2021.3049278","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2021.3049278","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209078","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Systems","issn_l":"2168-2216","issn":["2168-2216","2168-2232"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2001.05233","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031531093","display_name":"Jiajing Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5155-8547"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiajing Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021472169","display_name":"Jieli Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8158-3735"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jieli Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101569022","display_name":"Weili Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weili Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047931252","display_name":"Huawei Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7035-6446"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huawei Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zibin Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7872-7718"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zibin Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","[School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China (e-mail: zhzibin@mail.sysu.edu.cn)]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China (e-mail: zhzibin@mail.sysu.edu.cn)]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100456327","display_name":"Yan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8561-5092"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","display_name":"University of Oslo","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtthb56","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway","Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031531093"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.8275,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96464471,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"52","issue":"4","first_page":"2237","last_page":"2249"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.7457399368286133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6823081374168396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/money-laundering","display_name":"Money laundering","score":0.6771479845046997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","score":0.669970691204071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anonymity","display_name":"Anonymity","score":0.596798300743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixing","display_name":"Mixing (physics)","score":0.50221848487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transaction-data","display_name":"Transaction data","score":0.46850138902664185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.37950998544692993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.18116965889930725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.1231752336025238}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.7457399368286133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6823081374168396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780005421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151900","display_name":"Money laundering","level":2,"score":0.6771479845046997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.669970691204071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178005623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308859","display_name":"Anonymity","level":2,"score":0.596798300743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138777275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6884054","display_name":"Mixing (physics)","level":2,"score":0.50221848487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127722929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7833714","display_name":"Transaction data","level":3,"score":0.46850138902664185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.37950998544692993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.18116965889930725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.1231752336025238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.2021.3049278","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2021.3049278","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209078","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Systems","issn_l":"2168-2216","issn":["2168-2216","2168-2232"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2001.05233","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2001.05233","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2001.05233","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3000225817","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/2001.05233.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2001.05233","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2001.05233","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2001.05233","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2001.05233","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2001.05233","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6399999856948853,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1378608539","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62032025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2678325498","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61973325","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4135978206","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1811462","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W85350352","https://openalex.org/W179922057","https://openalex.org/W1454642304","https://openalex.org/W1875112053","https://openalex.org/W1930907635","https://openalex.org/W1976722121","https://openalex.org/W1981599289","https://openalex.org/W1988699025","https://openalex.org/W1994130174","https://openalex.org/W1999318832","https://openalex.org/W2113341218","https://openalex.org/W2134510195","https://openalex.org/W2151460988","https://openalex.org/W2153624566","https://openalex.org/W2184545129","https://openalex.org/W2222557215","https://openalex.org/W2296719434","https://openalex.org/W2335755599","https://openalex.org/W2343999414","https://openalex.org/W2470861207","https://openalex.org/W2562676961","https://openalex.org/W2762598207","https://openalex.org/W2766032006","https://openalex.org/W2768418903","https://openalex.org/W2788033080","https://openalex.org/W2789063661","https://openalex.org/W2792261072","https://openalex.org/W2793178310","https://openalex.org/W2808591417","https://openalex.org/W2883790378","https://openalex.org/W2888922791","https://openalex.org/W2890212356","https://openalex.org/W2905573247","https://openalex.org/W2912514591","https://openalex.org/W2912620367","https://openalex.org/W2921674422","https://openalex.org/W2952616159","https://openalex.org/W2962713021","https://openalex.org/W2962718753","https://openalex.org/W2964073747","https://openalex.org/W2965374788","https://openalex.org/W2967368378","https://openalex.org/W2981789752","https://openalex.org/W2998736188","https://openalex.org/W3003418764","https://openalex.org/W3101251439","https://openalex.org/W4238452917","https://openalex.org/W6603460400","https://openalex.org/W6751056134","https://openalex.org/W6756256420"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2890212356","https://openalex.org/W3002096788","https://openalex.org/W2519253903","https://openalex.org/W3005879580","https://openalex.org/W2904405583","https://openalex.org/W3101465553","https://openalex.org/W154851090","https://openalex.org/W2955050922","https://openalex.org/W3101998692","https://openalex.org/W3156644234","https://openalex.org/W2962956099","https://openalex.org/W3010299990","https://openalex.org/W2072266282","https://openalex.org/W2903379271","https://openalex.org/W2783786631","https://openalex.org/W2963532866","https://openalex.org/W3100562165","https://openalex.org/W236159508","https://openalex.org/W2966223078","https://openalex.org/W2969551246"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"the":[1,24,42,49,72,84,87,132,142,155,162,182,191,198],"first":[2],"decentralized":[3],"peer-to-peer":[4],"(P2P)":[5],"cryptocurrency":[6],"system":[7],"allowing":[8],"people":[9],"to":[10,38,59,70,90,111,152],"trade":[11],"with":[12,154],"pseudonymous":[13,27],"addresses,":[14,139],"Bitcoin":[15,30,50,188],"has":[16],"become":[17],"increasingly":[18],"popular":[19],"in":[20,48,55,101,206],"recent":[21],"years.":[22],"However,":[23],"P2P":[25],"and":[26,126,169,175,197],"nature":[28],"of":[29,44,74,86,115,135,138,144,157,193,200],"make":[31],"transactions":[32],"on":[33,83,186],"this":[34,79],"platform":[35],"very":[36],"difficult":[37],"track,":[39],"thus":[40],"triggering":[41],"emergence":[43],"various":[45],"illegal":[46],"activities":[47],"ecosystem.":[51],"Particularly,":[52],"<i>mixing":[53],"services</i>":[54],"Bitcoin,":[56],"originally":[57],"designed":[58],"enhance":[60],"transaction":[61,127,133],"anonymity,":[62],"have":[63],"been":[64],"widely":[65],"employed":[66],"for":[67,98],"money":[68],"laundering":[69,100],"complicate":[71],"process":[73],"trailing":[75],"illicit":[76],"fund.":[77],"In":[78],"article,":[80],"we":[81,104,140,160],"focus":[82],"detection":[85,164,178,195],"addresses":[88],"belonging":[89],"mixing":[91,116,163,207],"services,":[92],"which":[93],"is":[94],"an":[95],"important":[96],"task":[97,165],"anti-money":[99],"Bitcoin.":[102],"Specifically,":[103],"provide":[105],"a":[106,167,177],"feature-based":[107],"network":[108,122],"analysis":[109],"framework":[110],"identify":[112],"statistical":[113],"properties":[114],"services":[117],"from":[118],"three":[119],"levels,":[120],"namely,":[121],"level,":[123,125],"account":[124],"level.":[128],"To":[129],"better":[130],"characterize":[131],"patterns":[134],"different":[136],"types":[137],"propose":[141],"concept":[143],"attributed":[145],"temporal":[146],"heterogeneous":[147],"motifs":[148,202,205],"(ATH":[149],"motifs).":[150],"Moreover,":[151],"deal":[153],"issue":[156],"imperfect":[158],"labeling,":[159],"tackle":[161],"as":[166],"positive":[168],"unlabeled":[170],"learning":[171],"(PU":[172],"learning)":[173],"problem":[174],"build":[176],"model":[179,196],"by":[180],"leveraging":[181],"considered":[183],"features.":[184],"Experiments":[185],"real":[187],"datasets":[189],"demonstrate":[190],"effectiveness":[192],"our":[194],"importance":[199],"hybrid":[201],"including":[203],"ATH":[204],"detection.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}