{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3122347867","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2020.3048950","title":"WaveletKernelNet: An Interpretable Deep Neural Network for Industrial Intelligent Diagnosis","display_name":"WaveletKernelNet: An Interpretable Deep Neural Network for Industrial Intelligent Diagnosis","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3122347867","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2020.3048950","mag":"3122347867"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.2020.3048950","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2020.3048950","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209078","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Systems","issn_l":"2168-2216","issn":["2168-2216","2168-2232"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000345697","display_name":"Tianfu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4388-9578"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tianfu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering and School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4388-9578","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering and School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081020964","display_name":"Zhibin Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4180-7137"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhibin Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering and School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering and School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027894205","display_name":"Chuang Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6616-3791"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuang Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering and School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6616-3791","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering and School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101981156","display_name":"Cheng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1963-8234"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering and School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering and School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100779843","display_name":"Xuefeng Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0130-3172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuefeng Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering and School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0130-3172","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering and School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ruqiang Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4341-6535"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruqiang Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering and School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4341-6535","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering and School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060566070","display_name":"Robert X. Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3595-3728"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58956616","display_name":"Case Western Reserve University","ror":"https://ror.org/051fd9666","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert X. Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3595-3728","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000345697"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":41.6424,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":546,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99974039,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"52","issue":"4","first_page":"2302","last_page":"2312"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7255208492279053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prognostics","display_name":"Prognostics","score":0.7156747579574585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7086691856384277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6831657886505127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.6097351908683777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6000744104385376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.5856612920761108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet","display_name":"Wavelet","score":0.5709441900253296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5462937951087952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5320086479187012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.4609767198562622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.4422560930252075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuse","display_name":"Fuse (electrical)","score":0.41886311769485474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.372308611869812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.35431089997291565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1375996470451355}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7255208492279053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129364497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3042561","display_name":"Prognostics","level":2,"score":0.7156747579574585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7086691856384277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6831657886505127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.6097351908683777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6000744104385376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.5856612920761108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.5709441900253296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5462937951087952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5320086479187012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.4609767198562622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.4422560930252075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141353440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182221","display_name":"Fuse (electrical)","level":2,"score":0.41886311769485474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.372308611869812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.35431089997291565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1375996470451355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.2020.3048950","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2020.3048950","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209078","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Systems","issn_l":"2168-2216","issn":["2168-2216","2168-2232"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1707903460","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51705398","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6471001617","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51835009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8614598198","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019JM-341","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336567","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8871429091","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020JQ-042","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336567","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336567","display_name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1527644224","https://openalex.org/W1604034532","https://openalex.org/W1825675169","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1904365287","https://openalex.org/W1929426853","https://openalex.org/W1970352604","https://openalex.org/W1971376693","https://openalex.org/W1988565991","https://openalex.org/W2047602380","https://openalex.org/W2049486430","https://openalex.org/W2075565834","https://openalex.org/W2078347442","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2154642048","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2612920459","https://openalex.org/W2746111230","https://openalex.org/W2747276445","https://openalex.org/W2763583057","https://openalex.org/W2774266279","https://openalex.org/W2789811186","https://openalex.org/W2805662770","https://openalex.org/W2900529838","https://openalex.org/W2902788350","https://openalex.org/W2906256948","https://openalex.org/W2915337192","https://openalex.org/W2930246066","https://openalex.org/W2944474187","https://openalex.org/W2955362251","https://openalex.org/W2962949934","https://openalex.org/W2964052309","https://openalex.org/W2971980670","https://openalex.org/W2999918589","https://openalex.org/W3005815918","https://openalex.org/W3009370740","https://openalex.org/W3011187591","https://openalex.org/W3011763265","https://openalex.org/W3035821888","https://openalex.org/W3037313017","https://openalex.org/W3105553032","https://openalex.org/W3110510730","https://openalex.org/W4300172425"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2310476526","https://openalex.org/W3213192587","https://openalex.org/W2144291498","https://openalex.org/W2535730979","https://openalex.org/W3193475673","https://openalex.org/W2370073012","https://openalex.org/W4386567722","https://openalex.org/W2168646784","https://openalex.org/W2965730886","https://openalex.org/W2030958945"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Convolutional":[0],"neural":[1,45],"network":[2],"(CNN),":[3],"with":[4],"the":[5,27,64,69,74,85,122,140,143,155,158,170,173,189,198,204],"ability":[6,199],"of":[7,30,68,142,157,172],"feature":[8,182],"learning":[9],"and":[10,19,88,181,196],"nonlinear":[11],"mapping,":[12],"has":[13,34],"demonstrated":[14],"its":[15],"effectiveness":[16,141],"in":[17,121],"prognostics":[18],"health":[20],"management":[21],"(PHM).":[22],"However,":[23],"an":[24],"explanation":[25],"on":[26],"physical":[28],"meaning":[29],"a":[31,41,54,103,109],"CNN":[32,163],"architecture":[33],"rarely":[35],"been":[36],"studied.":[37],"In":[38,125],"this":[39,98],"article,":[40],"novel":[42],"wavelet-driven":[43],"deep":[44],"network,":[46],"termed":[47],"as":[48],"WaveletKernelNet":[49],"(WKN),":[50],"is":[51,60,160,186],"presented,":[52],"where":[53],"continuous":[55],"wavelet":[56],"convolutional":[57,66],"(CWConv)":[58],"layer":[59,67,77],"designed":[61,174],"to":[62,78,107,138,200],"replace":[63],"first":[65,75],"standard":[70],"CNN.":[71],"This":[72,101],"enables":[73],"CWConv":[76,99,175],"discover":[79],"more":[80,165],"meaningful":[81],"kernels.":[82],"Furthermore,":[83],"only":[84],"scale":[86],"parameter":[87,90],"translation":[89],"are":[91,135,191],"directly":[92],"learned":[93],"from":[94,132],"raw":[95],"data":[96,131],"at":[97],"layer.":[100,176],"provides":[102],"very":[104],"effective":[105],"way":[106],"obtain":[108],"customized":[110],"kernel":[111],"bank,":[112],"specifically":[113],"tuned":[114],"for":[115,146],"extracting":[116],"defect-related":[117],"impact":[118],"component":[119],"embedded":[120],"vibration":[123],"signal.":[124],"addition,":[126],"three":[127],"experimental":[128,151],"studies":[129],"using":[130],"laboratory":[133],"environment":[134],"carried":[136],"out":[137],"verify":[139],"proposed":[144],"method":[145],"mechanical":[147],"fault":[148],"diagnosis.":[149],"The":[150],"results":[152],"show":[153],"that":[154,188],"accuracy":[156],"WKNs":[159,190],"higher":[161],"than":[162,166],"by":[164],"10%,":[167],"which":[168],"indicate":[169],"importance":[171],"Besides,":[177],"through":[178],"theoretical":[179],"analysis":[180],"map":[183],"visualization,":[184],"it":[185],"found":[187],"interpretable,":[192],"have":[193,197],"fewer":[194],"parameters,":[195],"converge":[201],"faster":[202],"within":[203],"same":[205],"training":[206],"epochs.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":63},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":180},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":133},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":90},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":55},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-31T08:46:17.908082","created_date":"2021-02-01T00:00:00"}