{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2905573247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2018.2883678","title":"The Anti-Social System Properties: Bitcoin Network Data Analysis","display_name":"The Anti-Social System Properties: Bitcoin Network Data Analysis","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-12-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2905573247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2018.2883678","mag":"2905573247"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.2018.2883678","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2018.2883678","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209078","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Systems","issn_l":"2168-2216","issn":["2168-2216","2168-2232"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/134903","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024649509","display_name":"Israa Alqassem","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Israa Alqassem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009232244","display_name":"Iyad Rahwan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1796-4303"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iyad Rahwan","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049821727","display_name":"Davor Svetinovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3020-9556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Davor Svetinovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Center on Cyber-Physical Systems, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3020-9556","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Center on Cyber-Physical Systems, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.7506,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":77,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98652351,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"50","issue":"1","first_page":"21","last_page":"31"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11270","display_name":"Complex Systems and Time Series Analysis","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","score":0.7729190587997437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anonymity","display_name":"Anonymity","score":0.6094610691070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-currency","display_name":"Digital currency","score":0.6073625087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.6039420962333679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6010281443595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.46833372116088867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ledger","display_name":"Ledger","score":0.4305031895637512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.42980071902275085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-network","display_name":"Social network (sociolinguistics)","score":0.41801905632019043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.36265239119529724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payment","display_name":"Payment","score":0.3540785610675812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.26786988973617554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.2397708296775818}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.7729190587997437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178005623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308859","display_name":"Anonymity","level":2,"score":0.6094610691070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48220719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10836209","display_name":"Digital currency","level":3,"score":0.6073625087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.6039420962333679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6010281443595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.46833372116088867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91302708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732056","display_name":"Ledger","level":2,"score":0.4305031895637512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.42980071902275085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4727928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164759","display_name":"Social network (sociolinguistics)","level":3,"score":0.41801905632019043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.36265239119529724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.3540785610675812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.26786988973617554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2397708296775818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.2018.2883678","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2018.2883678","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209078","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Systems","issn_l":"2168-2216","issn":["2168-2216","2168-2232"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.wu.ac.at:publications/8e910673-3148-43ec-beeb-9d4ce6529a50","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.wu.ac.at/de/publications/8e910673-3148-43ec-beeb-9d4ce6529a50","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055123","display_name":"WU Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Alqassem, I, Rahwan, I & Svetinovic, D 2020, 'The Anti-Social System Properties: Bitcoin Network Data Analysis', IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems, vol. 50, pp. 21 - 31. https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2018.2883678","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/134903","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/134903","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Other repository","raw_type":"http://purl.org/eprint/type/JournalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/134903","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/134903","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Other repository","raw_type":"http://purl.org/eprint/type/JournalArticle"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W19838944","https://openalex.org/W179922057","https://openalex.org/W1510275011","https://openalex.org/W1556918572","https://openalex.org/W1570371166","https://openalex.org/W1595948665","https://openalex.org/W1814023381","https://openalex.org/W1893161742","https://openalex.org/W1988699025","https://openalex.org/W1994130174","https://openalex.org/W2022932831","https://openalex.org/W2025589484","https://openalex.org/W2029130073","https://openalex.org/W2033193852","https://openalex.org/W2040956707","https://openalex.org/W2055364709","https://openalex.org/W2062773855","https://openalex.org/W2087769241","https://openalex.org/W2098873466","https://openalex.org/W2103863878","https://openalex.org/W2108614537","https://openalex.org/W2111708605","https://openalex.org/W2145845082","https://openalex.org/W2148606196","https://openalex.org/W2152090207","https://openalex.org/W2408749700","https://openalex.org/W2531399364","https://openalex.org/W2567247817","https://openalex.org/W2624307925","https://openalex.org/W2759575857","https://openalex.org/W2762598207","https://openalex.org/W2782916355","https://openalex.org/W2801065096","https://openalex.org/W2883790378","https://openalex.org/W2884810987","https://openalex.org/W2885998864","https://openalex.org/W2890212356","https://openalex.org/W2946046356","https://openalex.org/W2965478150","https://openalex.org/W3099226437","https://openalex.org/W3099564279","https://openalex.org/W3099747878","https://openalex.org/W3100447784","https://openalex.org/W3102705748","https://openalex.org/W3142588439","https://openalex.org/W3145128584","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4289257136","https://openalex.org/W6630667832","https://openalex.org/W6634020178","https://openalex.org/W6639711990","https://openalex.org/W6747855459"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4365797016","https://openalex.org/W3215635167","https://openalex.org/W4280585582","https://openalex.org/W2913682208","https://openalex.org/W4313465241","https://openalex.org/W1950719656","https://openalex.org/W4379514359","https://openalex.org/W2907115098","https://openalex.org/W3184163161","https://openalex.org/W4293010059"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bitcoin":[0,31,42,138,161,177],"is":[1,32,53],"a":[2,5,23,44,61,191,196],"cryptocurrency":[3],"and":[4,20,66,77,84,89,103,121,144,203,214,232,243],"decentralized":[6],"semi-anonymous":[7],"peer-to-peer":[8,62],"payment":[9],"system":[10],"in":[11,22,60,179,242],"which":[12],"the":[13,29,38,70,99,104,126,133,136,146,160,193,224,228],"transactions":[14],"are":[15],"verified":[16],"by":[17,245],"network":[18,194],"nodes":[19],"recorded":[21],"public":[24],"massively":[25],"replicated":[26],"ledger":[27],"called":[28],"blockchain.":[30],"currently":[33],"considered":[34],"as":[35],"one":[36,50],"of":[37,46,91,101,128,135,148,169,187,207,227,238],"most":[39,229],"disruptive":[40],"technologies.":[41],"represents":[43],"paradox":[45],"opposing":[47],"forces.":[48,123],"On":[49,69],"hand,":[51,72],"it":[52],"fundamentally":[54],"social,":[55],"allowing":[56],"people":[57],"to":[58,64,183],"transact":[59],"manner":[63],"create":[65],"exchange":[67],"value.":[68],"other":[71],"Bitcoin's":[73],"core":[74],"design":[75],"philosophy":[76],"user":[78],"base":[79],"contain":[80],"strong":[81],"anti-social":[82,122,246],"elements":[83],"constraints,":[85],"emphasizing":[86],"anonymity,":[87],"privacy,":[88],"subversion":[90],"traditional":[92],"centralized":[93],"financial":[94,105],"systems.":[95],"We":[96,153],"believe":[97],"that":[98,155,176],"success":[100],"Bitcoin,":[102],"ecosystem":[106],"built":[107],"around":[108],"it,":[109],"will":[110],"likely":[111],"rely":[112],"on":[113],"achieving":[114],"an":[115,204],"optimal":[116],"balance":[117],"between":[118],"these":[119,129],"social":[120,170,239],"To":[124],"elucidate":[125],"role":[127],"forces,":[130],"we":[131,173],"analyze":[132],"evolution":[134,147],"entire":[137],"transaction":[139,162],"graph":[140,163],"from":[141],"its":[142,149,157,188],"inception,":[143],"quantify":[145],"key":[150],"structural":[151],"properties.":[152],"observe":[154],"despite":[156],"different":[158],"nature,":[159],"exhibits":[164,195],"many":[165],"universal":[166],"dynamics":[167,226],"typical":[168],"networks.":[171],"However,":[172],"also":[174],"find":[175],"deviates":[178],"important":[180],"ways":[181],"due":[182],"anonymity-seeking":[184],"behavioral":[185],"patterns":[186],"users.":[189],"As":[190],"result,":[192],"two-orders-of-magnitude":[197],"larger":[198],"diameter,":[199],"sparse":[200],"treelike":[201],"communities,":[202],"overwhelming":[205],"majority":[206],"transitional":[208],"or":[209],"intermediate":[210],"accounts":[211],"with":[212,235],"incoming":[213],"outgoing":[215],"edges":[216],"but":[217],"zero":[218],"cumulative":[219],"balances.":[220],"These":[221],"results":[222],"illuminate":[223],"evolutionary":[225],"popular":[230],"cryptocurrency,":[231],"provide":[233],"us":[234],"initial":[236],"understanding":[237],"networks":[240],"rooted":[241],"driven":[244],"constraints.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}