{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2898325432","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2018.2874281","title":"A Novel Weber Local Binary Descriptor for Fingerprint Liveness Detection","display_name":"A Novel Weber Local Binary Descriptor for Fingerprint Liveness Detection","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-10-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2898325432","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2018.2874281","mag":"2898325432"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.2018.2874281","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2018.2874281","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209078","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Systems","issn_l":"2168-2216","issn":["2168-2216","2168-2232"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005319671","display_name":"Zhihua Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6860-647X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I848706","display_name":"Sungkyunkwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04q78tk20","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}],"countries":["CN","KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhihua Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Communication Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea","Jiangsu Engineering Center of Network Monitoring, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center on Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","School of Computer and Software, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6860-647X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Engineering Center of Network Monitoring, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center on Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Software, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050034098","display_name":"Chengsheng Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5323-1297"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengsheng Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Engineering Center of Network Monitoring, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center on Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","School of Computer and Software, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5323-1297","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Engineering Center of Network Monitoring, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center on Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Software, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108612480","display_name":"Rui Lv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1443-1097"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Engineering Center of Network Monitoring, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center on Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","School of Computer and Software, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Engineering Center of Network Monitoring, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center on Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Software, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100388504","display_name":"Xingming Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7982-726X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingming Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Engineering Center of Network Monitoring, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center on Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","School of Computer and Software, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Engineering Center of Network Monitoring, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center on Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Software, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103216531","display_name":"Naixue Xiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0394-4635"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neal N. Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0394-4635","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111876760","display_name":"Yun-Qing Shi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118118575","display_name":"New Jersey Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05e74xb87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun-Qing Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.0654,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":108,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97789598,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"50","issue":"4","first_page":"1526","last_page":"1536"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.96670001745224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9621000289916992,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.698958694934845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6848500967025757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6791398525238037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","score":0.6587755680084229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.6378848552703857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.6245856285095215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.6236323118209839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liveness","display_name":"Liveness","score":0.6083139181137085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-binary-patterns","display_name":"Local binary patterns","score":0.5997985601425171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint-recognition","display_name":"Fingerprint recognition","score":0.5719517469406128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.4624156951904297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.4239184260368347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orientation","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","score":0.4184114336967468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3377058804035187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.26929765939712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.23384833335876465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.22388342022895813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.09790760278701782}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.698958694934845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6848500967025757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6791398525238037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6587755680084229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.6378848552703857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6245856285095215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.6236323118209839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15569618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3561421","display_name":"Liveness","level":2,"score":0.6083139181137085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87335442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2494345","display_name":"Local binary patterns","level":4,"score":0.5997985601425171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168406668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178022","display_name":"Fingerprint recognition","level":3,"score":0.5719517469406128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.4624156951904297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.4239184260368347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.4184114336967468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3377058804035187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.26929765939712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23384833335876465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.22388342022895813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.09790760278701782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.2018.2874281","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2018.2874281","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209078","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Systems","issn_l":"2168-2216","issn":["2168-2216","2168-2232"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6700000166893005}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2373024036","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R2016L13","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326182","funder_display_name":"Six Talent Peaks Project in Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2476851938","display_name":"\u4e91\u8ba1\u7b97\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u5bc6\u6587\u56fe\u50cf\u68c0\u7d22\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61672294","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2596279138","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1405254","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2911626792","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61572258","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3327002499","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61602253","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6074735329","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFB1003205","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6293695460","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61502242","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6495423414","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016R1D1A1B03933294","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6698120632","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61772283","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G790239346","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61601236","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G860498178","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1536206","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G922050328","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61702276","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326182","display_name":"Six Talent Peaks Project in Jiangsu Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327518","display_name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W192788472","https://openalex.org/W1542405665","https://openalex.org/W1551947943","https://openalex.org/W1578418902","https://openalex.org/W1584545576","https://openalex.org/W1585778005","https://openalex.org/W1596717185","https://openalex.org/W1734751066","https://openalex.org/W1822972747","https://openalex.org/W1972125593","https://openalex.org/W1979965748","https://openalex.org/W1986702455","https://openalex.org/W1991724362","https://openalex.org/W1996118086","https://openalex.org/W2000889716","https://openalex.org/W2004211009","https://openalex.org/W2007301169","https://openalex.org/W2015681865","https://openalex.org/W2020816142","https://openalex.org/W2032827811","https://openalex.org/W2040650733","https://openalex.org/W2043645828","https://openalex.org/W2047045640","https://openalex.org/W2062710717","https://openalex.org/W2090826149","https://openalex.org/W2095422257","https://openalex.org/W2103869071","https://openalex.org/W2108700572","https://openalex.org/W2112479763","https://openalex.org/W2118677980","https://openalex.org/W2126774219","https://openalex.org/W2130258210","https://openalex.org/W2136975665","https://openalex.org/W2137090589","https://openalex.org/W2141362602","https://openalex.org/W2142256325","https://openalex.org/W2151270693","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2163352848","https://openalex.org/W2215622264","https://openalex.org/W2304245051","https://openalex.org/W2317965018","https://openalex.org/W2318770634","https://openalex.org/W2342772375","https://openalex.org/W2345128773","https://openalex.org/W2474846563","https://openalex.org/W2492824679","https://openalex.org/W2514260014","https://openalex.org/W2553683761","https://openalex.org/W2560042578","https://openalex.org/W2756274675","https://openalex.org/W2779533045","https://openalex.org/W2797298759","https://openalex.org/W2805308357","https://openalex.org/W2964165334","https://openalex.org/W3101824741","https://openalex.org/W6633150018","https://openalex.org/W6635299944","https://openalex.org/W6750595995"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4310007307","https://openalex.org/W4300118114","https://openalex.org/W3014822659","https://openalex.org/W2040650733","https://openalex.org/W2117826006","https://openalex.org/W1621827506","https://openalex.org/W4362496757","https://openalex.org/W2558346698","https://openalex.org/W2794551535","https://openalex.org/W1584545576"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,74],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"fingerprint":[3,36,62,91],"authentication":[4],"systems":[5],"have":[6,187],"been":[7,96],"extensively":[8],"deployed":[9],"in":[10,98,204],"various":[11,25],"applications,":[12],"including":[13],"attendance":[14],"systems,":[15],"authentications":[16],"on":[17,161,174],"smartphones,":[18],"mobile":[19],"payment":[20],"authorizations,":[21],"as":[22,24,48],"well":[23],"safety":[26],"certifications.":[27],"However,":[28],"similar":[29],"to":[30,40,57,71,76,137],"the":[31,78,107,118,132,155,162,190,194,199],"other":[32],"biometric":[33],"identification":[34],"technologies,":[35],"recognition":[37],"is":[38,54,63,135,144,158],"vulnerable":[39],"artificial":[41],"replicas":[42],"made":[43],"from":[44,178,181],"cheap":[45],"materials,":[46],"such":[47,72],"silicon,":[49],"gelatin,":[50],"etc.":[51],"Thus,":[52],"it":[53],"especially":[55],"necessary":[56],"distinguish":[58],"whether":[59],"a":[60,64,67,81,139],"given":[61],"live":[65],"or":[66],"spoof":[68],"one":[69],"prior":[70],"authentication.":[73],"order":[75],"solve":[77],"problems":[79],"above,":[80],"novel":[82],"local":[83,87,108,119,202],"descriptor":[84,89],"named":[85],"Weber":[86],"binary":[88,109,120],"for":[90],"liveness":[92],"detection":[93,196],"(FLD)":[94],"has":[95],"proposed":[97,156,191],"this":[99],"paper.":[100],"The":[101,128,152,185],"method":[102,157,192],"consists":[103],"of":[104,131,154],"two":[105,133,175],"components:":[106],"differential":[110],"excitation":[111],"component":[112,123],"that":[113,124,189],"extracts":[114,125],"intensity-variance":[115],"features":[116],"and":[117,165,183],"gradient":[121],"orientation":[122,126],"features.":[127],"co-occurrence":[129],"probability":[130],"components":[134],"calculated":[136],"construct":[138],"discriminative":[140],"feature":[141],"vector,":[142],"which":[143],"fed":[145],"into":[146],"support":[147],"vector":[148],"machine":[149],"(SVM)":[150],"classifiers.":[151],"effectiveness":[153],"intuitively":[159],"analyzed":[160],"image":[163,201],"samples":[164],"numerically":[166],"demonstrated":[167],"by":[168],"Mahalanobis":[169],"distance.":[170],"Experiments":[171],"are":[172],"performed":[173],"public":[176],"databases":[177],"FLD":[179],"competitions":[180],"2011":[182],"2013.":[184],"results":[186],"proved":[188],"obtains":[193],"best":[195],"accuracy":[197],"among":[198],"existing":[200],"descriptors":[203],"FLD.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2026-07-16T13:24:37.021932","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
