{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2243400293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2015.2452892","title":"Automatic Ear Landmark Localization, Segmentation, and Pose Classification in Range Images","display_name":"Automatic Ear Landmark Localization, Segmentation, and Pose Classification in Range Images","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-11-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2243400293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2015.2452892","mag":"2243400293"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.2015.2452892","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2015.2452892","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209078","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Systems","issn_l":"2168-2216","issn":["2168-2216","2168-2232"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059221945","display_name":"Jiajia Lei","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiajia Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057095711","display_name":"Xinge You","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0607-1777"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinge You","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108096234","display_name":"Mohamed Abdel-Mottaleb","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145608581","display_name":"University of Miami","ror":"https://ror.org/02dgjyy92","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145608581"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Abdel-Mottaleb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145608581"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.7695,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94162977,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"46","issue":"2","first_page":"165","last_page":"176"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11866","display_name":"Reconstructive Facial Surgery Techniques","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landmark","display_name":"Landmark","score":0.9025092124938965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7461276054382324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7320101857185364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.664342999458313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6432415246963501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pose","display_name":"Pose","score":0.6229901313781738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5630098581314087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.42418602108955383}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780297707","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4895393","display_name":"Landmark","level":2,"score":0.9025092124938965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7461276054382324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7320101857185364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.664342999458313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6432415246963501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52102323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671968","display_name":"Pose","level":2,"score":0.6229901313781738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5630098581314087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.42418602108955383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.2015.2452892","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2015.2452892","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209078","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Systems","issn_l":"2168-2216","issn":["2168-2216","2168-2232"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1286474396","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2011616089","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","funder_display_name":"China Scholarship Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7972178140","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61272203","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1518641734","https://openalex.org/W1578352865","https://openalex.org/W1899746419","https://openalex.org/W1968995150","https://openalex.org/W1982597160","https://openalex.org/W1994529670","https://openalex.org/W1995825682","https://openalex.org/W1995884877","https://openalex.org/W1997343507","https://openalex.org/W2002877686","https://openalex.org/W2018713546","https://openalex.org/W2018953191","https://openalex.org/W2019999542","https://openalex.org/W2026901210","https://openalex.org/W2030536784","https://openalex.org/W2034268294","https://openalex.org/W2039375240","https://openalex.org/W2053365209","https://openalex.org/W2057695579","https://openalex.org/W2059716511","https://openalex.org/W2062067995","https://openalex.org/W2062690810","https://openalex.org/W2070462112","https://openalex.org/W2080338864","https://openalex.org/W2086368681","https://openalex.org/W2093309892","https://openalex.org/W2098747085","https://openalex.org/W2100278244","https://openalex.org/W2101799416","https://openalex.org/W2117002552","https://openalex.org/W2122897620","https://openalex.org/W2124421139","https://openalex.org/W2131848189","https://openalex.org/W2132559658","https://openalex.org/W2137962244","https://openalex.org/W2145525019","https://openalex.org/W2157292021","https://openalex.org/W2162411291","https://openalex.org/W2166672191","https://openalex.org/W2167550639","https://openalex.org/W2168663294","https://openalex.org/W2169403998","https://openalex.org/W2170415971","https://openalex.org/W6649269404","https://openalex.org/W6649557477","https://openalex.org/W6675110572","https://openalex.org/W6684628631","https://openalex.org/W6685088853"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056853153","https://openalex.org/W2057559274","https://openalex.org/W2026924879","https://openalex.org/W2005087563","https://openalex.org/W2378111931","https://openalex.org/W2052388267","https://openalex.org/W2950647290","https://openalex.org/W2620829895","https://openalex.org/W2356918560","https://openalex.org/W4243161226"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multibiometric":[0],"systems":[1],"using":[2],"face":[3,28],"and":[4,12,22,27,48,57,66,86,148,209,215],"ear":[5,26,50,61,64,89,114,141],"features":[6],"are":[7],"increasingly":[8],"adopted":[9],"for":[10],"forensic":[11],"civilian":[13],"applications":[14],"to":[15,92,120,134,181],"address":[16],"the":[17,41,80,88,122,136,140,149,152,167,171,179,201,219,222],"challenges":[18],"of":[19,43,60,83,151,173,186,203,221],"facial":[20,191],"expressions":[21],"occlusions.":[23],"Although":[24],"numerous":[25],"recognition":[29],"techniques":[30],"have":[31],"been":[32,38],"proposed,":[33],"not":[34],"much":[35],"work":[36],"has":[37],"conducted":[39,199],"in":[40],"field":[42],"3-D":[44,49,71,123,128,187],"fiducial":[45],"points":[46],"localization":[47,185],"detection.":[51],"This":[52],"paper":[53,177],"presents":[54],"an":[55],"effective":[56],"efficient":[58],"system":[59],"landmark":[62,184],"localization,":[63],"detection,":[65],"pose":[67,110,150,195,216],"classification":[68],"based":[69,145,165],"on":[70,146,166],"ears":[72,188],"captured":[73],"under":[74],"large":[75,213],"yaw":[76],"variations.":[77,196],"By":[78],"utilizing":[79],"symmetrical":[81],"property":[82],"human":[84],"heads":[85],"classifying":[87],"with":[90,193],"respect":[91],"its":[93],"pose,":[94],"all":[95],"three":[96],"tasks":[97],"can":[98],"be":[99],"fulfilled":[100],"given":[101],"either":[102],"left":[103,159],"or":[104,160],"right":[105,161],"ears,":[106],"without":[107],"any":[108],"prior":[109],"information.":[111],"A":[112],"novel":[113],"tree-structured":[115],"graph":[116],"(ETG)":[117],"is":[118,132,143,157,163,178],"proposed":[119,223],"represent":[121],"ear,":[124,153,162],"after":[125],"which":[126,211],"a":[127,158],"flexible":[129],"mixture":[130],"model":[131],"trained":[133],"locate":[135],"landmarks":[137],"automatically.":[138],"Then,":[139],"region":[142],"segmented":[144],"them":[147],"i.e.,":[154],"whether":[155],"it":[156],"classified":[164],"detected":[168],"ETG.":[169],"To":[170],"best":[172],"our":[174],"knowledge,":[175],"this":[176],"first":[180],"present":[182],"automatic":[183],"extracted":[189],"from":[190],"scans":[192],"significant":[194],"Experiments":[197],"were":[198],"at":[200],"University":[202],"Notre":[204],"Dame":[205],"collection":[206],"F,":[207],"G":[208],"J2,":[210],"contain":[212],"occlusion":[214],"variations,":[217],"validating":[218],"effectiveness":[220],"methods.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}