{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2040895929","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1985.6313426","title":"A fuzzy K-nearest neighbor algorithm","display_name":"A fuzzy K-nearest neighbor algorithm","publication_year":1985,"publication_date":"1985-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2040895929","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1985.6313426","mag":"2040895929"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.1985.6313426","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1985.6313426","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S76152103","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics","issn_l":"0018-9472","issn":["0018-9472","2168-2909"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018303984","display_name":"James M. Keller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0306-7142"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James M. Keller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000895989","display_name":"Michael Gray","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5969-5631"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799950915","display_name":"Wright-Patterson Air Force Base","ror":"https://ror.org/0097e1k27","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2799950915","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael R. Gray","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Missouri; Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Missouri"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Missouri; Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799950915","https://openalex.org/I76835614"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Missouri","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034604954","display_name":"James A. Givens","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James A. Givens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.1646,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2666,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95682008,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"SMC-15","issue":"4","first_page":"580","last_page":"585"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10820","display_name":"Fuzzy Logic and Control Systems","score":0.9785000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10820","display_name":"Fuzzy Logic and Control Systems","score":0.9785000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10050","display_name":"Multi-Criteria Decision Making","score":0.9739000201225281,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11063","display_name":"Rough Sets and Fuzzy Logic","score":0.9447000026702881,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/k-nearest-neighbors-algorithm","display_name":"k-nearest neighbors algorithm","score":0.731738269329071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-logic","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","score":0.6136329770088196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5756243467330933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5578478574752808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.5547077059745789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naive-bayes-classifier","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","score":0.5152412056922913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5129658579826355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.46043696999549866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayes-theorem","display_name":"Bayes' theorem","score":0.44090530276298523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4140094518661499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3940848112106323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3577550947666168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-probability","display_name":"Bayesian probability","score":0.2331918179988861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.1226174533367157}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113238511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071612","display_name":"k-nearest neighbors algorithm","level":2,"score":0.731738269329071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.6136329770088196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5756243467330933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5578478574752808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.5547077059745789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52001869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812530","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","level":3,"score":0.5152412056922913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5129658579826355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.46043696999549866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207201462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182505","display_name":"Bayes' theorem","level":3,"score":0.44090530276298523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4140094518661499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3940848112106323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3577550947666168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.2331918179988861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.1226174533367157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.1985.6313426","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1985.6313426","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S76152103","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics","issn_l":"0018-9472","issn":["0018-9472","2168-2909"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7799999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2394466068","https://openalex.org/W1987683558","https://openalex.org/W2726838704","https://openalex.org/W4220802396","https://openalex.org/W2393473353","https://openalex.org/W2373790322","https://openalex.org/W2171665309","https://openalex.org/W2417174640","https://openalex.org/W4387382336","https://openalex.org/W2042770250"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Classification":[0],"of":[1,7,14,19,22,46,55,75,87,100,107,112,130,135],"objects":[2],"is":[3,39,84,91,115],"an":[4],"important":[5],"area":[6],"research":[8],"and":[9,145,148],"application":[10],"in":[11,69,95],"a":[12,53,127],"variety":[13],"fields.":[15],"In":[16,33],"the":[17,23,76,88,97,101,118,131,140,151],"presence":[18],"full":[20],"knowledge":[21],"underlying":[24],"probabilities,":[25],"Bayes":[26],"decision":[27,63],"theory":[28,111],"gives":[29],"optimal":[30],"error":[31],"rates.":[32],"those":[34],"cases":[35],"where":[36],"this":[37,82],"information":[38],"not":[40],"present,":[41],"many":[42],"algorithms":[43],"make":[44],"use":[45],"distance":[47],"or":[48],"similarity":[49],"among":[50],"samples":[51,90,142],"as":[52],"means":[54],"classification.":[56],"The":[57,110],"<i":[58,119],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[59,120],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">K</i>":[60,121],"-nearest":[61,122],"neighbor":[62,123],"rule":[64],"has":[65],"often":[66],"been":[67],"used":[68],"these":[70],"pattern":[71,102],"recognition":[72],"problems.":[73],"One":[74],"difficulties":[77],"that":[78,85],"arises":[79],"when":[80],"utilizing":[81],"technique":[83,124],"each":[86],"labeled":[89,141],"given":[92],"equal":[93],"importance":[94],"deciding":[96],"class":[98],"memberships":[99,138],"to":[103,125,139,150],"be":[104],"classified,":[105],"regardless":[106],"their":[108],"`typicalness'.":[109],"fuzzy":[113,128,137],"sets":[114],"introduced":[116],"into":[117],"develop":[126],"version":[129,153],"algorithm.":[132],"Three":[133],"methods":[134],"assigning":[136],"are":[143,154],"proposed,":[144],"experimental":[146],"results":[147],"comparisons":[149],"crisp":[152],"presented.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":123},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":135},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":163},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":221},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":213},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":193},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":170},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":129},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":105},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":99},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":117},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":108},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":84},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":69}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
