{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2046466923","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1982.4308795","title":"Metaphor and the Cognitive Representation of Computing Systems","display_name":"Metaphor and the Cognitive Representation of Computing Systems","publication_year":1982,"publication_date":"1982-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2046466923","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1982.4308795","mag":"2046466923"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.1982.4308795","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1982.4308795","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S76152103","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics","issn_l":"0018-9472","issn":["0018-9472","2168-2909"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054610664","display_name":"John M. Carroll","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5189-337X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John M. Carroll","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","[Computer Science Department, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Computer Science Department, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003758004","display_name":"John Thomas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3162-0152"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John C. Thomas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Corporate Technical Committee Staff, IBM Corporate Headquarters, Armonk, NY, USA","[Corporate Technical Committee Staff, IBM Corporate Headquarters, Armonk, NY, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Corporate Technical Committee Staff, IBM Corporate Headquarters, Armonk, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Corporate Technical Committee Staff, IBM Corporate Headquarters, Armonk, NY, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054610664"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":26.6539,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":299,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99575794,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"2","first_page":"107","last_page":"116"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9728999733924866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9728999733924866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9714000225067139,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9639999866485596,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metaphor","display_name":"Metaphor","score":0.8744885921478271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.6299195289611816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6093804836273193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.5768406391143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.5644806623458862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.559809684753418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.5350865721702576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-systems","display_name":"Cognitive systems","score":0.5163329839706421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.4738747775554657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2951977849006653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.21432200074195862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.07647216320037842}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778311575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18534","display_name":"Metaphor","level":2,"score":0.8744885921478271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.6299195289611816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6093804836273193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5768406391143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5644806623458862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.559809684753418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.5350865721702576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986342778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Cognitive systems","level":3,"score":0.5163329839706421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.4738747775554657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2951977849006653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.21432200074195862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.07647216320037842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.1982.4308795","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1982.4308795","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S76152103","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics","issn_l":"0018-9472","issn":["0018-9472","2168-2909"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7599999904632568,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W13003522","https://openalex.org/W123366752","https://openalex.org/W392530004","https://openalex.org/W644843762","https://openalex.org/W1527150642","https://openalex.org/W1583908024","https://openalex.org/W1963489395","https://openalex.org/W1971715890","https://openalex.org/W1974999390","https://openalex.org/W2000603452","https://openalex.org/W2000919228","https://openalex.org/W2014243053","https://openalex.org/W2021299653","https://openalex.org/W2023328205","https://openalex.org/W2038765730","https://openalex.org/W2048225703","https://openalex.org/W2060004331","https://openalex.org/W2064625566","https://openalex.org/W2066628430","https://openalex.org/W2067096189","https://openalex.org/W2078851770","https://openalex.org/W2085832100","https://openalex.org/W2103219113","https://openalex.org/W2175268987","https://openalex.org/W3144156710","https://openalex.org/W4206698690","https://openalex.org/W4243832254","https://openalex.org/W4248753242","https://openalex.org/W4255483690","https://openalex.org/W6600545958","https://openalex.org/W6613398962"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2735454624","https://openalex.org/W1638199196","https://openalex.org/W2997473042","https://openalex.org/W2112597704","https://openalex.org/W2174427205","https://openalex.org/W4205525690","https://openalex.org/W2977812524","https://openalex.org/W2897932850","https://openalex.org/W198625020","https://openalex.org/W2763012326"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"learning,":[1],"people":[2],"develop":[3],"new":[4,17],"cognitive":[5],"structures":[6],"by":[7,16],"metaphorically":[8],"extending":[9],"old":[10],"ones.":[11],"The":[12],"metaphors":[13,38],"spontaneously":[14],"generated":[15],"users":[18],"will":[19,39],"predict":[20],"the":[21],"ease":[22],"with":[23],"which":[24,32],"they":[25],"can":[26],"master":[27],"a":[28],"computer":[29],"system.":[30],"Systems":[31],"through":[33],"their":[34],"interface":[35],"suggest":[36],"inefficacious":[37],"accordingly":[40],"be":[41],"more":[42],"difficult":[43],"to":[44,47],"learn":[45],"and":[46],"that":[48],"extent":[49],"unacceptable.":[50]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}