{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2159492618","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1982.4308772","title":"A Time-Varying Approach to the Modeling of Human Control Remnant","display_name":"A Time-Varying Approach to the Modeling of Human Control Remnant","publication_year":1982,"publication_date":"1982-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2159492618","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1982.4308772","mag":"2159492618"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.1982.4308772","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1982.4308772","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S76152103","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics","issn_l":"0018-9472","issn":["0018-9472","2168-2909"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013891362","display_name":"L. Daniel Metz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"L. Daniel Metz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of General Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of General Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013891362"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7363,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7097973,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"1","first_page":"24","last_page":"35"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10982","display_name":"Motor Control and Adaptation","score":0.8779000043869019,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10982","display_name":"Motor Control and Adaptation","score":0.8779000043869019,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operator","display_name":"Operator (biology)","score":0.7226698398590088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weighting","display_name":"Weighting","score":0.6561618447303772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.6464693546295166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5519230365753174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5390879511833191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.5173344016075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4714922606945038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.4118420481681824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.20823457837104797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19415536522865295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.07208168506622314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.06567502021789551}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17020691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139677","display_name":"Operator (biology)","level":5,"score":0.7226698398590088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.6561618447303772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.6464693546295166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5519230365753174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5390879511833191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.5173344016075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4714922606945038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4118420481681824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.20823457837104797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19415536522865295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07208168506622314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.06567502021789551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158448853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425218","display_name":"Repressor","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86339819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407384","display_name":"Transcription factor","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.1982.4308772","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1982.4308772","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S76152103","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics","issn_l":"0018-9472","issn":["0018-9472","2168-2909"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W793348980","https://openalex.org/W1991833878","https://openalex.org/W1996491515","https://openalex.org/W2007641405","https://openalex.org/W2012514019","https://openalex.org/W2015668054","https://openalex.org/W2023200365","https://openalex.org/W2025697745","https://openalex.org/W2045215112","https://openalex.org/W2106822551","https://openalex.org/W2165619044","https://openalex.org/W2991747678","https://openalex.org/W4237449103","https://openalex.org/W4249058433","https://openalex.org/W6622757424","https://openalex.org/W6654525927"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2180954594","https://openalex.org/W2052835778","https://openalex.org/W2049003611","https://openalex.org/W2127804977","https://openalex.org/W2108418243","https://openalex.org/W164103134","https://openalex.org/W2787352659","https://openalex.org/W1970611213","https://openalex.org/W4391019359","https://openalex.org/W2169395074"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Previous":[0],"models":[1],"for":[2],"human":[3],"operator":[4,73],"control":[5,11],"performance":[6,84],"have":[7],"shown":[8],"that":[9],"such":[10],"possesses":[12],"stochastic":[13],"characteristics.":[14],"Even":[15],"with":[16,55,76,118],"a":[17,21,29,62,71,103],"repetitive":[18],"task":[19],"and":[20,24,51,86,112],"highly":[22],"trained":[23],"motivated":[25],"subject,":[26],"there":[27],"is":[28,65,68],"clear":[30],"variability":[31],"of":[32,82,88,90,93,108],"output":[33],"(control":[34],"actions)":[35],"by":[36],"the":[37,45,56,59,79,91,94,105],"subject.":[38],"This":[39],"variability,":[40],"termed":[41],"remnant,":[42],"has":[43],"in":[44,78],"past":[46],"been":[47],"modeled":[48,69],"as":[49,70,102],"observation":[50],"motor":[52],"noise":[53],"associated":[54,75],"operator.":[57],"In":[58],"present":[60],"work,":[61],"new":[63],"approach":[64],"taken:":[66],"remnant":[67],"time-varying":[72],"characteristic":[74],"changes":[77],"relative":[80],"weighting":[81],"various":[83],"measures":[85],"lack":[87],"understanding":[89],"dynamics":[92],"plant":[95],"to":[96],"be":[97],"controlled.":[98],"The":[99],"model":[100],"uses":[101],"foundation":[104],"well-developed":[106],"theory":[107],"linear":[109],"state":[110],"regulators,":[111],"produces":[113],"results":[114],"which":[115],"agree":[116],"well":[117],"several":[119],"experiments.":[120]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}