{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2072743122","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1974.5409130","title":"Perturbations of a Multimodal Network Model for Urban Transportation Planning","display_name":"Perturbations of a Multimodal Network Model for Urban Transportation Planning","publication_year":1974,"publication_date":"1974-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2072743122","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1974.5409130","mag":"2072743122"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.1974.5409130","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1974.5409130","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S76152103","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics","issn_l":"0018-9472","issn":["0018-9472","2168-2909"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084261042","display_name":"David E. Ghahraman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Ghahraman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051841038","display_name":"Andrew K. C. Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0019-7152"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew K. C. Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048182625","display_name":"Tung Au","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tung Au","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.20414938,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"SMC-4","issue":"3","first_page":"241","last_page":"248"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.9842000007629395,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.9842000007629395,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modal","display_name":"Modal","score":0.6759012341499329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equivalence","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","score":0.6122567057609558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.5200364589691162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.5034655928611755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.5021781921386719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4754737913608551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.45018941164016724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow-network","display_name":"Flow network","score":0.4100930690765381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.32418400049209595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10951980948448181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.09290087223052979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.06895306706428528}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71139939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910194","display_name":"Modal","level":2,"score":0.6759012341499329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780069185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7977945","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","level":2,"score":0.6122567057609558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.5200364589691162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5034655928611755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.5021781921386719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4754737913608551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.45018941164016724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114809511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412924","display_name":"Flow network","level":2,"score":0.4100930690765381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.32418400049209595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10951980948448181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.09290087223052979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.06895306706428528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188027245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446","display_name":"Polymer chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.1974.5409130","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1974.5409130","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S76152103","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics","issn_l":"0018-9472","issn":["0018-9472","2168-2909"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8500000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W295250325","https://openalex.org/W566496817","https://openalex.org/W2134763711","https://openalex.org/W2227557434","https://openalex.org/W2235269566","https://openalex.org/W2315282816","https://openalex.org/W2764937720","https://openalex.org/W3142881503","https://openalex.org/W4253493393","https://openalex.org/W6610634570","https://openalex.org/W6616017398"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2379392295","https://openalex.org/W3160965418","https://openalex.org/W613940353","https://openalex.org/W2320915480","https://openalex.org/W2362990116","https://openalex.org/W2381300099","https://openalex.org/W2154204858","https://openalex.org/W2714992399","https://openalex.org/W2383812217","https://openalex.org/W4287830728"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"theoretical":[1],"planning":[2],"model":[3],"that":[4,46],"consists":[5],"of":[6,10,36,90,98,114],"a":[7,65,73],"composite":[8,82],"set":[9],"modal":[11,37],"networks":[12],"for":[13],"serving":[14],"the":[15,32,44,81,88,96,99,107,112],"population":[16],"in":[17,31,57,80,87,95],"an":[18,34,55],"urban":[19],"area":[20],"or":[21,93],"region":[22],"is":[23,102],"presented.":[24],"By":[25],"varying":[26],"and":[27,64],"controling":[28],"various":[29],"parameters":[30],"model,":[33],"equilibrium":[35,62,109],"choices":[38],"can":[39,49],"be":[40,70],"obtained":[41],"by":[42],"seeking":[43],"condition":[45],"no":[47],"user":[48],"alter":[50],"his":[51],"path":[52],"without":[53],"experiencing":[54],"increase":[56],"cost.":[58],"The":[59],"equivalence":[60],"between":[61],"conditions":[63],"nonlinear":[66],"programming":[67],"problem":[68],"will":[69],"established,":[71],"following":[72],"fundamental":[74],"theorem.":[75],"Thus,":[76],"under":[77],"small":[78],"perturbations":[79],"network,":[83,100],"either":[84],"through":[85],"changes":[86,94],"frequency":[89],"certain":[91],"trips":[92],"structure":[97],"it":[101],"possible":[103],"to":[104,110],"linearize":[105],"about":[106],"observed":[108],"determine":[111],"effects":[113],"perturbations.":[115]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}