{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2095190034","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1974.5408530","title":"Paradigmatic Symbol-A Comparative Study of Human and Artificial Intelligence","display_name":"Paradigmatic Symbol-A Comparative Study of Human and Artificial Intelligence","publication_year":1974,"publication_date":"1974-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2095190034","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1974.5408530","mag":"2095190034"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.1974.5408530","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1974.5408530","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S76152103","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics","issn_l":"0018-9472","issn":["0018-9472","2168-2909"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061501252","display_name":"Satosi Watanab\u00e9","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1331384533","display_name":"University of Hawaii System","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzaeb71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1331384533"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Satosi Watanabe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physics and Information Sciences Departments, University of Hawai, Honolulu, HI, USA","Physics and Information Sciences Departments, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physics and Information Sciences Departments, University of Hawai, Honolulu, HI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1331384533"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physics and Information Sciences Departments, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061501252"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1331384533"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5417,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93345742,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"SMC-4","issue":"1","first_page":"100","last_page":"103"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9524999856948853,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9524999856948853,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symbol","display_name":"Symbol (formal)","score":0.8066377639770508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.7685929536819458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.7160274386405945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretation","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","score":0.6795750260353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.6255725622177124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relation","display_name":"Relation (database)","score":0.6113067269325256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","score":0.5913524627685547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5195522904396057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.49607929587364197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.45694196224212646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-intelligence","display_name":"Human intelligence","score":0.4466905891895294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4346393942832947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.22381991147994995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.22071194648742676}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134400042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2372244","display_name":"Symbol (formal)","level":2,"score":0.8066377639770508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.7685929536819458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.7160274386405945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6795750260353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.6255725622177124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.6113067269325256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5913524627685547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5195522904396057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.49607929587364197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.45694196224212646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105409693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5937824","display_name":"Human intelligence","level":2,"score":0.4466905891895294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4346393942832947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.22381991147994995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.22071194648742676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.1974.5408530","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1974.5408530","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S76152103","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics","issn_l":"0018-9472","issn":["0018-9472","2168-2909"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W91488207","https://openalex.org/W2085089824","https://openalex.org/W2095190034","https://openalex.org/W2138178898","https://openalex.org/W2161608691","https://openalex.org/W2325171544","https://openalex.org/W2562885196","https://openalex.org/W3028000971","https://openalex.org/W4252351733","https://openalex.org/W4301958398","https://openalex.org/W6845851482"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2389793738","https://openalex.org/W3183204001","https://openalex.org/W2376208682","https://openalex.org/W4327743144","https://openalex.org/W4246219814","https://openalex.org/W4388567440","https://openalex.org/W2368886944","https://openalex.org/W4240806619","https://openalex.org/W4254609622","https://openalex.org/W2611966483"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"intelligence":[1,10],"functions":[2,11],"in":[3,12,53,66,91],"terms":[4,13,54,67],"of":[5,14,30,37,50,55,62,68,76,110,120],"abstract":[6,69,98],"symbols":[7,57,70,87,99],"and":[8,107],"human":[9,130],"paradigmatic":[15,18,56],"symbols.":[16],"A":[17],"symbol":[19],"is":[20,40],"a":[21,32],"particular":[22],"object,":[23,45],"or":[24],"the":[25,92],"mental":[26],"representation":[27],"thereof,":[28],"capable":[29],"evoking":[31],"whole,":[33],"yet":[34],"flexible,":[35],"field":[36],"objects.":[38],"It":[39],"not":[41],"an":[42,72],"object":[43,47],"qua":[44,48],"but":[46],"agent":[49],"elicitation.":[51],"Thinking":[52],"needs":[58],"no":[59,101],"addiononal":[60],"rules":[61],"interpretation,":[63],"while":[64,97],"thinking":[65],"requires":[71],"ad":[73],"hoc":[74],"rule":[75],"interpretation":[77],"to":[78],"have":[79,88,100],"any":[80],"relation":[81,102],"with":[82,103],"actual":[83],"behavioral":[84],"operations.":[85],"Paradigmatic":[86],"their":[89],"places":[90],"life-oriented":[93],"internal":[94],"value":[95,108],"structure,":[96],"value.":[104],"Elicitory":[105],"capability":[106],"orientedness":[109],"paradigms":[111],"make":[112,125],"inductive":[113,126],"inference":[114,127],"work.":[115],"Abstract":[116],"symbols,":[117],"having":[118],"neither":[119],"these":[121],"two":[122],"properties,":[123],"cannot":[124],"work":[128],"without":[129],"help.":[131]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}