{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2001154247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1972.4309172","title":"The Social Organization of Electric Power Supply in Modern Societies","display_name":"The Social Organization of Electric Power Supply in Modern Societies","publication_year":1972,"publication_date":"1972-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2001154247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1972.4309172","mag":"2001154247"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.1972.4309172","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1972.4309172","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S76152103","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics","issn_l":"0018-9472","issn":["0018-9472","2168-2909"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023835864","display_name":"Philip Sporn","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Philip Sporn","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049747720","display_name":"H.H. Happ","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1332737386","display_name":"General Electric (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/013msgt25","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1332737386"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152464","display_name":"General Electric (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/05tj5za17","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1332737386","https://openalex.org/I4210152464"]}],"countries":["CH","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. H. Happ","raw_affiliation_strings":["General Electric Company, Schenectady, N.Y. 12345","General Electric Company, Schenectady, N. Y. 12345"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Electric Company, Schenectady, N.Y. 12345","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1332737386"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Electric Company, Schenectady, N. Y. 12345","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152464"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023835864"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2307,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89397178,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"SMC-2","issue":"4","first_page":"560","last_page":"561"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14431","display_name":"Diverse Research and Applications","score":0.2224999964237213,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14431","display_name":"Diverse Research and Applications","score":0.2224999964237213,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power","display_name":"Electric power","score":0.561091959476471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-light","display_name":"Electric light","score":0.5593852400779724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-industry","display_name":"Electric power industry","score":0.5499538779258728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.42232316732406616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competence","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","score":0.41439032554626465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3687970042228699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.33275681734085083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.32147976756095886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.29307955503463745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management","display_name":"Management","score":0.24673959612846375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.18609783053398132}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40293303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27137","display_name":"Electric power","level":3,"score":0.561091959476471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19643730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1326621","display_name":"Electric light","level":2,"score":0.5593852400779724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170777988","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2316331","display_name":"Electric power industry","level":3,"score":0.5499538779258728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.42232316732406616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100521375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","level":2,"score":0.41439032554626465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3687970042228699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.33275681734085083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.32147976756095886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.29307955503463745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.24673959612846375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.18609783053398132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.1972.4309172","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1972.4309172","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S76152103","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics","issn_l":"0018-9472","issn":["0018-9472","2168-2909"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2622167174","https://openalex.org/W2142945692","https://openalex.org/W2331615855","https://openalex.org/W2356512289","https://openalex.org/W1629635549","https://openalex.org/W2348819278","https://openalex.org/W2379250692","https://openalex.org/W2897016074","https://openalex.org/W2374094183","https://openalex.org/W2378187163"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0],"many":[1,366],"years":[2],"Philip":[3],"Sporn":[4,356,440],"has":[5,16,315,448],"been":[6,316,375],"a":[7,125,181,185,306,324,381],"leader":[8],"in":[9,27,42,77,117,122,195,246,290,380],"the":[276],"electric":[11,25,67,111,140,147,155,192,436],"power":[274],"industry.":[13,44],"Not":[14],"only":[15],"he":[17,34,48],"built":[18],"his":[19],"company":[20,26],"into":[21,416],"largest":[23],"investor-owned":[24],"world,":[29],"but":[30],"for":[31,105,154,327,414],"several":[32,102],"decades":[33],"also":[35,339],"spearheaded":[36],"practically":[37],"every":[38],"major":[39],"technical":[40,204],"development":[41,168],"In":[45],"this":[46,291],"book":[47,163,236,322],"examines":[49],"basic":[51],"question":[52],"of":[53,62,66,75,128,142,169,183,191,208,219,253,272,296,310,329,334,346,367,370,383,394,425,434],"public":[273],"versus":[55],"private":[56,84,211,330,347,452],"power.":[57,87,348],"The":[58,162,203,235],"increasing":[59],"acceptance":[61],"social":[64,224,426],"aspects":[65],"supply":[69,194,336],"raises":[70],"doubts":[71],"about":[72,134],"likelihood":[74],"maintaining":[76],"future":[79,160,248],"present":[81,175,344],"division":[82],"between":[83,462],"and":[85,93,100,137,139,157,187,201,206,210,216,279,288,298,304,332,343,362,378,399,453,459],"He":[88],"notes":[89],"social,":[91],"technical,":[92],"economic":[94],"difficulties":[95],"that":[96,242,264,283],"confront":[97],"both":[98,451],"sectors":[99],"indicates":[101,340],"possible":[103],"courses":[104],"future.The":[107],"world's":[108],"first":[109],"commercial":[110],"facility--the":[113],"Pearl":[114],"Street":[115],"Station":[116],"New":[118],"York":[119],"City--began":[120],"service":[121],"1882":[123],"with":[124,275],"modest":[126],"load":[127],"approximately":[129],"400":[130],"lamps,":[131],"each":[132],"taking":[133],"83":[135],"watts":[136],"constituting":[138],"demand":[141,153],"33":[143],"kilowatts.":[144],"Today":[145],"industry":[149,352],"faces":[150],"an":[151,158],"unprecedented":[152],"energy":[156],"undiminished":[159],"growth.":[161],"begins":[164],"by":[165,238,249,377],"tracing":[166],"U.S.":[170],"to":[173,228,259,319,443],"its":[174],"strong":[176,325],"minority":[177],"position":[178],"(23%)":[179],"over":[180],"period":[182],"half":[184],"century,":[186],"discusses":[188],"organization":[190,427],"England,":[196],"France,":[197],"Mexico,":[198],"Russia,":[199],"Italy,":[200],"Sweden.":[202],"competence":[205],"performance":[207,218],"are":[213,284,401],"then":[214],"examined,":[215],"systems":[221],"under":[222],"different":[223],"organizations":[225],"set":[226],"up":[227,318],"protect":[229],"national":[231],"interest":[232],"is":[233,258,301,358,391],"analyzed.":[234],"concludes":[237],"indicating":[239],"specific":[240],"problems":[241,433],"will":[243],"be":[244,410],"faced":[245],"utilities":[251],"industry.One":[252],"book's":[255],"principal":[256],"concerns":[257],"cut":[260],"through":[261],"myths":[263],"have":[265,374],"long":[266],"surrounded":[267],"power--the":[269],"mistaken":[270],"linking":[271],"interest,":[278],"serious":[281],"limitations":[282],"placed":[285],"on":[286],"initiative":[287],"imagination":[289,390],"sector.":[292],"Mr.":[293,355,439],"Sporn's":[294],"analysis":[295],"capital":[297],"tax":[299],"costs":[300,313],"particularly":[302],"explosive":[303],"suggests":[305],"more":[307,360,402],"rational":[308],"means":[309],"measuring":[311],"true":[312],"than":[314],"available":[317],"now.While":[320],"makes":[323],"case":[326],"continuation":[328],"ownership":[331],"management":[333,418],"facilities,":[337],"it":[338],"past":[342],"failings":[345],"What":[349],"utility":[351,372],"sorely":[353],"needs,":[354],"concludes,":[357],"better,":[359],"creative":[361],"responsive":[363],"management:":[364],"Too":[365],"managers":[369],"our":[371],"enterprise":[373],"raised":[376],"large":[379],"background":[382],"law,":[384],"or":[385,387,403],"accounting,":[386],"economics.":[388],"Technical":[389],"not":[392],"part":[393],"their":[395],"training.":[396],"Social":[397],"responsibility":[398],"ethics":[400],"less":[404],"foreign":[405],"concepts--at":[406],"least":[407],"they":[408],"would":[409],"treated":[411],"as":[412],"improper":[413],"integration":[415],"decision":[419],"process.":[420],"While":[421],"no":[422],"single":[423],"form":[424],"can":[428],"magically":[429],"eliminate":[430],"all":[431],"industry,":[438],"points":[441],"hopefully":[442],"Swedish":[445],"system":[446],"which":[447],"successfully":[449],"integrated":[450],"power,":[455],"keeping":[456],"alive":[457],"ethical":[458],"real":[460],"competition":[461],"sectors.":[464]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}