{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2128754572","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1972.4309083","title":"A Critique of Forrester's Model of an Urban Area","display_name":"A Critique of Forrester's Model of an Urban Area","publication_year":1972,"publication_date":"1972-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2128754572","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1972.4309083","mag":"2128754572"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.1972.4309083","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1972.4309083","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S76152103","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics","issn_l":"0018-9472","issn":["0018-9472","2168-2909"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106826072","display_name":"James N. Gray","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120421","display_name":"General Sciences (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02ksqdr49","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120421"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James N. Gray","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","General Sciences Department, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Sciences Department, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210120421"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033104563","display_name":"David Pessel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Pessel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences and the Electronics Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences and the Electronics Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040150415","display_name":"Pravin Varaiya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1900-9932"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pravin P. Varaiya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences and the Electronics Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences and the Electronics Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":23.1123,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99231814,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"SMC-2","issue":"2","first_page":"139","last_page":"144"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10632","display_name":"Housing Market and Economics","score":0.5212000012397766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10632","display_name":"Housing Market and Economics","score":0.5212000012397766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extension","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","score":0.6252998113632202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6233676671981812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/order","display_name":"Order (exchange)","score":0.5882275104522705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5775377154350281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/section","display_name":"Section (typography)","score":0.5747388601303101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.44342952966690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.4332073926925659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-economics","display_name":"Mathematical economics","score":0.3967495262622833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.36367204785346985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.32192572951316833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16508114337921143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.118613600730896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.08230838179588318}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778029271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421931","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","level":2,"score":0.6252998113632202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6233676671981812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.5882275104522705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5775377154350281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780129039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931107","display_name":"Section (typography)","level":2,"score":0.5747388601303101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.44342952966690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.4332073926925659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.3967495262622833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.36367204785346985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.32192572951316833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16508114337921143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.118613600730896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.08230838179588318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.1972.4309083","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1972.4309083","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S76152103","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics","issn_l":"0018-9472","issn":["0018-9472","2168-2909"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.6700000166893005}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2015540859","https://openalex.org/W2070393110"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2560853036","https://openalex.org/W2566696415","https://openalex.org/W1563787543","https://openalex.org/W4249026152","https://openalex.org/W2909241626","https://openalex.org/W2890304493","https://openalex.org/W590015412","https://openalex.org/W4211021113","https://openalex.org/W2966241533","https://openalex.org/W2901122627"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,41],"group":[1],"of":[2,16,20,27,35,47,53,66,87],"new":[3],"experiments":[4],"which":[5,31],"we":[6],"have":[7],"performed":[8],"using":[9],"Forrester's":[10,48,88],"model":[11],"are":[12],"presented:":[13],"a":[14,25,77,84],"study":[15,26],"rent":[17],"control,":[18],"effects":[19],"changing":[21,28],"key":[22],"parameters,":[23],"and":[24,56,64],"labor":[29],"requirements":[30],"explores":[32],"the":[33,39,54,80],"implications":[34],"exogenous":[36],"variables":[37],"for":[38],"model.":[40],"second":[42],"section":[43],"presents":[44],"specific":[45],"criticisms":[46],"model,":[49,55],"an":[50],"economic":[51],"evaluation":[52],"ends":[57],"with":[58,83],"some":[59],"general":[60],"remarks":[61],"concerning":[62],"validation":[63],"extension":[65],"large":[67],"models.":[68],"In":[69],"order":[70],"to":[71,76],"make":[72],"this":[73],"paper":[74,81],"accessible":[75],"wide":[78],"audience,":[79],"begins":[82],"tutorial":[85],"description":[86],"work.":[89]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}