{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1967787965","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1971.4308321","title":"Control and Regulation of the Human Motor System","display_name":"Control and Regulation of the Human Motor System","publication_year":1971,"publication_date":"1971-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1967787965","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1971.4308321","mag":"1967787965"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.1971.4308321","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1971.4308321","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S76152103","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics","issn_l":"0018-9472","issn":["0018-9472","2168-2909"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110123311","display_name":"Gerald L. Gottlieb","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285301757","display_name":"Rush University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01j7c0b24","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285301757"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087865","display_name":"University of Chicago Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0076kfe04","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087865"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146389","display_name":"Presbyterian St. Luke's Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04gka6q50","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146389"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gerald L. Gottlieb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Engineering Department, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL, USA","Department of Physiology, University of Illinois Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Department, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285301757","https://openalex.org/I4210146389"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physiology, University of Illinois Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225","https://openalex.org/I39422238","https://openalex.org/I4210087865"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112807029","display_name":"Gyan C. Agarwal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285301757","display_name":"Rush University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01j7c0b24","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285301757"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gyan C. Agarwal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Systems Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Department, Rush Medical College, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical College, University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Department, Rush Medical College, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical College, University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285301757","https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.10721625,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"SMC-1","issue":"4","first_page":"379","last_page":"383"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.9825000166893005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.9825000166893005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10982","display_name":"Motor Control and Adaptation","score":0.9611999988555908,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9448999762535095,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.7664930820465088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflex","display_name":"Reflex","score":0.6253679394721985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-control","display_name":"Motor control","score":0.6013652086257935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.5460841059684753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.5335515141487122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.5218600034713745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-system","display_name":"Motor system","score":0.46244555711746216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linkage","display_name":"Linkage (software)","score":0.4514363408088684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stretch-reflex","display_name":"Stretch reflex","score":0.4407412111759186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.36817318201065063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2642291188240051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.25087982416152954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.25041282176971436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.09656009078025818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetics","display_name":"Genetics","score":0.06412696838378906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene","display_name":"Gene","score":0.061349183320999146}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.7664930820465088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83974742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179405","display_name":"Reflex","level":2,"score":0.6253679394721985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137813230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2996165","display_name":"Motor control","level":2,"score":0.6013652086257935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.5460841059684753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.5335515141487122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.5218600034713745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171139928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2915553","display_name":"Motor system","level":2,"score":0.46244555711746216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31266012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6554340","display_name":"Linkage (software)","level":3,"score":0.4514363408088684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780832504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1183041","display_name":"Stretch reflex","level":3,"score":0.4407412111759186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36817318201065063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2642291188240051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.25087982416152954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.25041282176971436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09656009078025818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.06412696838378906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.061349183320999146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.1971.4308321","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1971.4308321","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S76152103","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics","issn_l":"0018-9472","issn":["0018-9472","2168-2909"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.5600000023841858}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W73625304","https://openalex.org/W1586997433","https://openalex.org/W1981460034","https://openalex.org/W2019724270","https://openalex.org/W2047756680","https://openalex.org/W2172270262"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2005220759","https://openalex.org/W1518005581","https://openalex.org/W2197182776","https://openalex.org/W212133834","https://openalex.org/W2035057833","https://openalex.org/W2411956908","https://openalex.org/W2017257505","https://openalex.org/W1994931801","https://openalex.org/W2128326162","https://openalex.org/W2041136388"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Current":[0],"theory":[1],"considers":[2],"motor":[3,69],"control":[4,39,83,88,115],"to":[5,16,26],"be":[6],"effected":[7],"over":[8],"two":[9],"pathways,":[10],"one":[11],"via":[12,22],"the":[13,17,20,23,27,34,38,41,46,55,90,93,100,114,126,130],"alpha":[14],"motoneurons":[15,25],"muscle":[18,28,43],"and":[19,107],"other":[21],"gamma":[24],"spindles.":[29],"This":[30,85],"mechanism,":[31],"described":[32],"as":[33],"\"alpha-gamma":[35],"linkage,\"":[36],"permits":[37],"of":[40,49,54,67,89,92,102,129],"willed":[42],"output":[44],"with":[45],"simultaneous":[47],"maintenance":[48],"postural":[50],"equilibrium":[51],"by":[52],"regulation":[53],"muscle's":[56],"length":[57],"sensors.":[58],"The":[59],"stretch":[60,94],"reflex":[61,95],"thus":[62],"remains":[63],"a":[64,79],"functional":[65],"component":[66],"voluntary":[68],"activity.":[70],"We":[71],"describe":[72],"an":[73,121],"additional":[74,122],"mechanism":[75,86,104],"which":[76],"can":[77],"play":[78],"role":[80],"in":[81],"this":[82,103],"task.":[84],"is":[87,105,124],"gain":[91],"loop.":[96],"Experimental":[97],"evidence":[98],"for":[99],"existence":[101],"given,":[106],"its":[108],"significance":[109],"discussed.":[110],"Not":[111],"only":[112],"are":[113,134],"system":[116,133],"dynamics":[117],"strongly":[118],"affected,":[119],"but":[120],"feature":[123],"that":[125],"computations":[127],"required":[128],"central":[131],"nervous":[132],"simplified.":[135]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
