{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7123346920","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2026.3652754","title":"Sustainable Task Allocation of Mobile Electric Vehicle Charging Robots via Auction-Driven Deep Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Sustainable Task Allocation of Mobile Electric Vehicle Charging Robots via Auction-Driven Deep Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7123346920","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2026.3652754"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2026.3652754","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2026.3652754","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093427629","display_name":"Duc Manh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5819-4088"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142044","display_name":"VinUniversity","ror":"https://ror.org/052dmdr17","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142044"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Duc Manh Do","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Environmental Intelligence (CEI), VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5819-4088","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Environmental Intelligence (CEI), VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142044"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121759925","display_name":"Truong Do","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142044","display_name":"VinUniversity","ror":"https://ror.org/052dmdr17","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142044"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Truong Do","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering and Computer Science (CECS), VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Computer Science (CECS), VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142044"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122845803","display_name":"Phi Long Nguyen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142044","display_name":"VinUniversity","ror":"https://ror.org/052dmdr17","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142044"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Phi Long Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Environmental Intelligence (CEI), VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3788-8731","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Environmental Intelligence (CEI), VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142044"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142044"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.9685,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91424303,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"3","first_page":"2238","last_page":"2249"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.5837000012397766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.5837000012397766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.1315000057220459,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.06589999794960022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8023999929428101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-robot","display_name":"Mobile robot","score":0.5674999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.5515000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.48750001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-vehicle","display_name":"Electric vehicle","score":0.48410001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.4481000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4293000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.3725000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/charging-station","display_name":"Charging station","score":0.35510000586509705}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8023999929428101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6861000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19966478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4810574","display_name":"Mobile robot","level":3,"score":0.5674999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5515000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.48750001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.48410001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.4481000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4293000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.40869998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.3725000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779607880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2140665","display_name":"Charging station","level":4,"score":0.35510000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79487989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q934680","display_name":"Vehicle dynamics","level":2,"score":0.32760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3188999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.31679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.3093999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.3073999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81074085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q366872","display_name":"Motion planning","level":3,"score":0.3005000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.2946000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109718341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1385229","display_name":"Metaheuristic","level":2,"score":0.2906999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.2897999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91765299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3424292","display_name":"Lagrangian relaxation","level":2,"score":0.28760001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2858000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165464430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1570441","display_name":"Parameterized complexity","level":2,"score":0.2808000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.2752000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40293303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27137","display_name":"Electric power","level":3,"score":0.2653000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2637999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74222875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000312","display_name":"Robot kinematics","level":4,"score":0.25540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.25429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2026.3652754","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2026.3652754","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4603390395641327,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,64],"rapid":[1],"proliferation":[2],"of":[3,60,89,146,172],"electric":[4],"vehicles":[5],"(EVs)":[6],"is":[7],"placing":[8],"unprecedented":[9],"pressure":[10],"on":[11],"fixed":[12],"charging":[13,23,62,161,188],"infrastructure,":[14],"particularly":[15],"in":[16,190],"regions":[17],"with":[18,74],"constrained":[19],"power":[20],"grids.":[21],"Mobile":[22],"robots":[24],"have":[25],"emerged":[26],"as":[27,176],"a":[28,46,115,177],"versatile":[29],"solution,":[30],"offering":[31],"scalable":[32],"deployment":[33],"and":[34,57,102,137,157,184],"the":[35,55,87,127,144,159,170,173],"ability":[36],"to":[37,97,106,119],"integrate":[38],"renewable":[39],"energy":[40,153],"sources":[41],"dynamically.":[42],"This":[43],"paper":[44],"proposes":[45],"novel":[47],"Auction-based":[48],"Deep":[49],"Reinforcement":[50],"Learning":[51],"(AD-DRL)":[52],"framework":[53,65,129,175],"for":[54,68,79,181],"efficient":[56],"sustainable":[58],"coordination":[59],"mobile":[61],"robots.":[63],"synergizes":[66],"DRL":[67],"long":[69],"term":[70],"strategic":[71],"policy":[72],"optimization":[73],"an":[75],"auction":[76],"based":[77],"mechanism":[78,118],"robust,":[80],"real":[81],"time":[82],"task":[83],"allocation.":[84],"To":[85],"address":[86],"complexities":[88],"robot":[90],"coordination,":[91],"we":[92],"introduce":[93],"Parameterized":[94],"Action":[95],"Q-Learning":[96],"manage":[98],"hybrid":[99],"action":[100],"spaces":[101],"Reward":[103],"Neural":[104],"Networks":[105],"balance":[107],"dynamic":[108],"multi":[109],"objective":[110],"trade":[111],"offs,":[112],"supported":[113],"by":[114,149,155,165],"Reverse":[116],"Validation":[117],"ensure":[120],"assignment":[121],"feasibility.":[122],"Extensive":[123],"simulations":[124],"demonstrate":[125],"that":[126],"proposed":[128],"significantly":[130],"outperforms":[131],"state-of-the-art":[132],"baselines,":[133],"including":[134],"PPO,":[135],"DDPG,":[136],"metaheuristic":[138],"approaches.":[139],"Specifically,":[140],"our":[141],"method":[142],"improves":[143],"number":[145],"EVs":[147],"served":[148],"28.5%,":[150],"increases":[151],"total":[152],"delivery":[154],"46%,":[156],"reduces":[158],"average":[160],"cost":[162,185],"per":[163],"EV":[164,187],"11.1%.":[166],"These":[167],"results":[168],"underscore":[169],"potential":[171],"AD-DRL":[174],"high":[178],"performance":[179],"solution":[180],"smart,":[182],"sustainable,":[183],"effective":[186],"operations":[189],"modern":[191],"urban":[192],"environments.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2026-01-14T00:00:00"}