{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7113901123","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3642220","title":"Unlocking Flexibility From Wastewater Treatment Plants Using Machine Learning","display_name":"Unlocking Flexibility From Wastewater Treatment Plants Using Machine Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7113901123","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3642220"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2025.3642220","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3642220","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jakob Schneider","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3682-9373"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jakob Schneider","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Wind and Energy Systems, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3682-9373","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Wind and Energy Systems, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Pere Izquierdo G\u00f3mez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3907-9858"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pere Izquierdo G\u00f3mez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Wind and Energy Systems, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3907-9858","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Wind and Energy Systems, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Tomislav Dragi\u010devi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4755-2024"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomislav Dragi\u010devi\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Wind and Energy Systems, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4755-2024","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Wind and Energy Systems, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51692795,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"3","first_page":"1889","last_page":"1900"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12724","display_name":"Water-Energy-Food Nexus Studies","score":0.35510000586509705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12724","display_name":"Water-Energy-Food Nexus Studies","score":0.35510000586509705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10564","display_name":"Wastewater Treatment and Nitrogen Removal","score":0.10100000351667404,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10197","display_name":"Membrane Separation Technologies","score":0.07850000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.7131999731063843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gradient-boosting","display_name":"Gradient boosting","score":0.6488999724388123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.6072999835014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.4934000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.4731999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aeration","display_name":"Aeration","score":0.45339998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demand-response","display_name":"Demand response","score":0.44040000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sewage-treatment","display_name":"Sewage treatment","score":0.4162999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.39629998803138733}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.7131999731063843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70153297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591907","display_name":"Gradient boosting","level":3,"score":0.6488999724388123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.6072999835014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49720001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.4934000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.4731999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86922832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381105","display_name":"Aeration","level":2,"score":0.45339998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779438525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255048","display_name":"Demand response","level":3,"score":0.44040000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57442070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221275","display_name":"Sewage treatment","level":2,"score":0.4162999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.39629998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779370713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357554","display_name":"Load management","level":2,"score":0.39149999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.35350000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.34779998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C423512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383973","display_name":"Electricity generation","level":3,"score":0.2976999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.2976999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.29249998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.29159998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.28279998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.2687999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183696295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2487696","display_name":"Biochemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2662999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780789856","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915732","display_name":"Variable renewable energy","level":4,"score":0.25940001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.2581999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170777988","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2316331","display_name":"Electric power industry","level":3,"score":0.2572999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520301825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380170","display_name":"Energy conservation","level":2,"score":0.25519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94061648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336191","display_name":"Wastewater","level":2,"score":0.25209999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198302294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215624","display_name":"Biochemical oxygen demand","level":4,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2025.3642220","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3642220","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.5657395124435425}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4254809191","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"051-00003B","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322928","funder_display_name":"Danmarks Frie Forskningsfond"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322928","display_name":"Danmarks Frie Forskningsfond","ror":"https://ror.org/02sptwz63"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wastewater":[0],"treatment":[1,55],"plants":[2],"(WWTPs)":[3],"are":[4],"a":[5,67,109,126,138,172],"critical":[6],"infrastructure":[7],"for":[8,77,92,181,201],"modern":[9],"society.":[10],"More":[11],"than":[12],"half":[13],"of":[14,37,98,116,129,167,175,192,197,210],"their":[15,99],"large":[16,68],"electricity":[17],"demand":[18,163],"is":[19,187],"used":[20],"by":[21],"aeration":[22,41,117],"systems,":[23],"which":[24],"regulate":[25],"the":[26,32,114,184,195,206],"fundamental":[27],"biochemical":[28],"processes":[29],"that":[30,180],"purify":[31],"water.":[33],"The":[34],"slow":[35],"dynamics":[36],"these":[38],"reactions":[39],"allow":[40],"intensity":[42],"to":[43,61,87,112,154,171,205],"be":[44],"flexibly":[45],"adjusted":[46],"over":[47],"short":[48,182],"periods":[49],"with":[50],"minimal":[51],"effects":[52],"on":[53,147],"water":[54],"quality.":[56],"Leveraging":[57],"this":[58,105],"operational":[59],"flexibility":[60,115,200],"counterbalance":[62],"renewable":[63,211],"energy":[64,102,134],"variability":[65],"presents":[66],"untapped":[69],"opportunity.":[70],"Although":[71],"grid":[72,88,202],"operators":[73],"offer":[74],"financial":[75],"incentives":[76],"flexible":[78],"consumers":[79],"who":[80],"can":[81],"adjust":[82],"power":[83,100,122],"consumption":[84],"in":[85,119,190],"response":[86],"imbalances,":[89],"prequalifying":[90],"assets":[91],"such":[93],"programs":[94],"requires":[95],"precise":[96],"quantification":[97],"and":[101,150],"flexibility.":[103],"In":[104],"paper,":[106],"we":[107,124,136],"propose":[108,137],"novel":[110],"framework":[111],"quantify":[113],"systems":[118],"WWTPs.":[120],"For":[121,133],"flexibility,":[123,135],"conduct":[125],"statistical":[127],"analysis":[128],"real-world":[130],"WWTP":[131,199],"data.":[132],"modified":[139],"gradient":[140],"boosting":[141],"model":[142],"using":[143,151],"decision":[144],"trees,":[145],"trained":[146],"historical":[148],"measurements":[149],"future":[152],"inputs":[153],"predict":[155],"system":[156],"dynamics.":[157],"Our":[158],"approach":[159],"achieves":[160],"biological":[161],"oxygen":[162],"(BOD)":[164],"prediction":[165],"errors":[166],"0.18\u20130.37":[168],"mg/L,":[169],"compared":[170],"measured":[173],"average":[174],"3.85":[176],"mg/L.":[177],"We":[178],"show":[179],"activations":[183],"BOD":[185],"limit":[186],"only":[188],"exceeded":[189],"2%":[191],"cases,":[193],"demonstrating":[194],"feasibility":[196],"unlocking":[198],"services,":[203],"contributing":[204],"cost-effective":[207],"mass":[208],"integration":[209],"energy.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-23T06:14:38.165362","created_date":"2025-12-11T00:00:00"}
