{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416960389","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3639887","title":"Decision-Focused Learning for Neural Network-Constrained HVAC Scheduling","display_name":"Decision-Focused Learning for Neural Network-Constrained HVAC Scheduling","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416960389","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3639887"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2025.3639887","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3639887","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://orbi.umons.ac.be/bitstream/20.500.12907/54046/1/DFL_for_NN_constrained_Optimization__R1_-2.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005270123","display_name":"Pietro Favaro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0782-4494"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130929987","display_name":"University of Mons","ror":"https://ror.org/02qnnz951","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130929987"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pietro Favaro","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Mons, Mons, Belgium","University of Mons, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0782-4494","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Mons, Mons, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130929987"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Mons, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130929987"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037525387","display_name":"Jean\u2010Fran\u00e7ois Toubeau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9853-2694"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130929987","display_name":"University of Mons","ror":"https://ror.org/02qnnz951","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130929987"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Toubeau","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Mons, Mons, Belgium","University of Mons, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9853-2694","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Mons, Mons, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130929987"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Mons, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130929987"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048669676","display_name":"Fran\u00e7ois Vall\u00e9e","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2409-2128"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130929987","display_name":"University of Mons","ror":"https://ror.org/02qnnz951","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130929987"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fran\u00e7ois Vall\u00e9e","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Mons, Mons, Belgium","University of Mons, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2409-2128","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Mons, Mons, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130929987"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Mons, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130929987"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036924311","display_name":"Yury Dvorkin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4426-7431"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yury Dvorkin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA","Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9325,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75642113,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"3","first_page":"1875","last_page":"1888"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.7560999989509583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.7560999989509583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.05779999867081642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.039500001817941666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hvac","display_name":"HVAC","score":0.6916999816894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.47350001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.46320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.45890000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demand-response","display_name":"Demand response","score":0.4408999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.40549999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.4020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.3889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoothing","display_name":"Smoothing","score":0.38659998774528503}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122346748","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1798773","display_name":"HVAC","level":3,"score":0.6916999816894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.47350001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.46320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.45890000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779438525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255048","display_name":"Demand response","level":3,"score":0.4408999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.40880000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.40549999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.4020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.3889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3770464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775963","display_name":"Smoothing","level":2,"score":0.38659998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.38019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103742991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173725","display_name":"Air conditioning","level":2,"score":0.33649998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.3262999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.31929999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129844170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41299","display_name":"Quadratic equation","level":2,"score":0.30979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77405623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q598451","display_name":"System dynamics","level":2,"score":0.30320000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146733006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q676081","display_name":"Electricity market","level":3,"score":0.3000999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.2994999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187819001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187665","display_name":"Thermostat","level":2,"score":0.2924000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78600449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302","display_name":"Wind power","level":2,"score":0.28839999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.28769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41045048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202843","display_name":"Linear programming","level":2,"score":0.2840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4638862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501558","display_name":"Chiller","level":2,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106527866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1489497","display_name":"Building management system","level":3,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133913538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q774514","display_name":"Thermal comfort","level":2,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.25760000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17095337","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2375229","display_name":"Piecewise linear function","level":2,"score":0.2572999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.2538999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.251800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.25110000371932983}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2025.3639887","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3639887","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:orbi.umons.ac.be:20.500.12907/54046","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orbi.umons.ac.be/handle/20.500.12907/54046","pdf_url":"https://orbi.umons.ac.be/bitstream/20.500.12907/54046/1/DFL_for_NN_constrained_Optimization__R1_-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055454","display_name":"ORBi UMONS","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 1-1 (2025)","raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:orbi.umons.ac.be:20.500.12907/54046","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orbi.umons.ac.be/handle/20.500.12907/54046","pdf_url":"https://orbi.umons.ac.be/bitstream/20.500.12907/54046/1/DFL_for_NN_constrained_Optimization__R1_-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055454","display_name":"ORBi UMONS","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 1-1 (2025)","raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416960389.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416960389.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Heating,":[0],"Ventilation,":[1],"and":[2,42,51,59,133,191,199],"Air":[3],"Conditioning":[4],"(HVAC)":[5],"is":[6,182],"a":[7,12,35,71,160,165],"major":[8],"electricity":[9],"end-use":[10],"with":[11,110],"substantial":[13],"potential":[14,205],"for":[15,206],"providing":[16],"grid":[17,200],"services,":[18],"such":[19],"as":[20,70,87,128],"demand":[21],"response.":[22],"Harnessing":[23],"this":[24],"flexibility":[25],"requires":[26],"accurate":[27],"modeling":[28],"of":[29,33,82,113,124],"the":[30,107,111,116,121,152,156,170,178],"thermal":[31,83,179],"dynamics":[32,84,180],"buildings,":[34],"difficult":[36],"task":[37],"because":[38],"nonlinear":[39],"heat":[40],"transfer":[41],"recurring":[43],"daily":[44],"cycles":[45],"make":[46],"historical":[47,185],"data":[48,186],"highly":[49],"correlated":[50],"insufficient":[52],"to":[53,55,105,131,146,154],"generalize":[54],"new":[56],"weather,":[57],"occupancy,":[58],"control":[60],"scenarios.":[61],"This":[62],"paper":[63],"presents":[64],"an":[65],"HVAC":[66,117],"management":[67],"system":[68],"formulated":[69],"Mixed":[72],"Integer":[73],"Quadratic":[74],"Program":[75],"(MIQP),":[76],"where":[77],"Neural":[78],"Network":[79],"(NN)":[80],"models":[81],"are":[85],"embedded":[86],"exact":[88],"mixed-integer":[89],"linear":[90],"constraints.":[91],"Unlike":[92],"traditional":[93],"training":[94],"approaches":[95],"that":[96,169],"minimize":[97],"prediction":[98],"errors,":[99],"we":[100],"employ":[101],"Decision-Focused":[102],"Learning":[103],"(DFL)":[104],"learn":[106],"NN":[108],"parameters":[109],"objective":[112],"directly":[114],"improving":[115],"cost":[118,197],"performance.":[119],"However,":[120],"discrete":[122],"nature":[123],"MIQP":[125],"hinders":[126],"DFL,":[127],"it":[129],"leads":[130],"undefined":[132],"discontinuous":[134],"gradients,":[135],"thus":[136],"impeding":[137],"standard":[138],"gradient-based":[139],"training.":[140],"We":[141],"leverage":[142],"Stochastic":[143],"Smoothing":[144],"(SS)":[145],"enable":[147],"efficient":[148],"gradient":[149],"computation":[150],"without":[151],"need":[153],"differentiate":[155],"MIQP.":[157],"Experiments":[158],"on":[159,184],"realistic":[161],"five-zone":[162],"building":[163,209],"using":[164],"high-fidelity":[166],"simulator":[167],"demonstrate":[168],"proposed":[171],"SS-DFL":[172],"approach":[173],"outperforms":[174],"conventional":[175],"identify-then-optimize":[176],"(i.e.,":[177],"model":[181],"identified":[183],"then":[187],"used":[188],"in":[189,195],"optimization)":[190],"relaxed":[192],"DFL":[193],"methods":[194],"both":[196],"savings":[198],"service":[201],"performance,":[202],"highlighting":[203],"its":[204],"scalable,":[207],"grid-aware":[208],"control.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-18T07:49:30.821534","created_date":"2025-12-03T00:00:00"}