{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416177909","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3632419","title":"Learning Active Constraints for Bilevel Optimization: Evaluating Classification Metrics on Real-World Distribution System Data","display_name":"Learning Active Constraints for Bilevel Optimization: Evaluating Classification Metrics on Real-World Distribution System Data","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416177909","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3632419"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2025.3632419","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3632419","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035990121","display_name":"Lingkang Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2993-6844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lingkang Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, MB, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2993-6844","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, MB, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076977147","display_name":"Laurens Bliek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3853-4708"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laurens Bliek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","Department of Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, MB, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3853-4708","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, MB, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075476079","display_name":"Nikolaos G. Paterakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3395-8253"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikolaos G. Paterakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, MB, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3395-8253","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, MB, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035990121"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.31859817,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"2","first_page":"1303","last_page":"1314"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10454","display_name":"Optimal Power Flow Distribution","score":0.6532999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10454","display_name":"Optimal Power Flow Distribution","score":0.6532999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10424","display_name":"Electric Power System Optimization","score":0.16290000081062317,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.07940000295639038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilevel-optimization","display_name":"Bilevel optimization","score":0.8680999875068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.6992999911308289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.4918000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.46160000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaic-system","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","score":0.4327000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.414900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-decision-diagram","display_name":"Binary decision diagram","score":0.40799999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-modeling","display_name":"Data modeling","score":0.38600000739097595}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3309286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4907693","display_name":"Bilevel optimization","level":3,"score":0.8680999875068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.6992999911308289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.6585000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5629000067710876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.4918000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.46160000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.4327000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.414900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3309909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864155","display_name":"Binary decision diagram","level":2,"score":0.40799999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.38600000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.37459999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108755667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1930258","display_name":"AC power","level":3,"score":0.3644999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.35670000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.33250001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55660270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164377","display_name":"Constrained optimization","level":2,"score":0.31709998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C423512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383973","display_name":"Electricity generation","level":3,"score":0.3109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.30309998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.2980000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2971999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.29030001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.28610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779190172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4913888","display_name":"Binary data","level":3,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989514635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164377","display_name":"Constrained optimization problem","level":3,"score":0.2565999925136566}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2025.3632419","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3632419","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.tue.nl:publications/a2932c56-ce3b-4b11-ae51-d2cfb006722d","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.tue.nl/en/publications/a2932c56-ce3b-4b11-ae51-d2cfb006722d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922641","display_name":"TU/e Research Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Jin, L, Bliek, L & Paterakis, N G 2026, 'Learning Active Constraints for Bilevel Optimization : Evaluating Classification Metrics on Real-World Distribution System Data', IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 17, no. 2, 11245557, pp. 1303-1314. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2025.3632419","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bilevel":[0],"optimization":[1,103],"provides":[2],"a":[3,43,65,89,98,158],"useful":[4],"power":[5,121,140],"system":[6,102],"modeling":[7],"framework,":[8],"but":[9],"it":[10],"is":[11,86,95],"computationally":[12],"demanding":[13],"due":[14],"to":[15,35,68,97,153,164],"its":[16],"NP-hard":[17],"nature":[18],"and":[19,52,80,138],"the":[20,40,105,115,145,150],"need":[21],"for":[22],"frequent":[23],"solutions":[24],"under":[25],"uncertainty.":[26],"To":[27],"mitigate":[28],"this,":[29],"machine":[30],"learning":[31],"can":[32],"be":[33],"used":[34],"predict":[36],"active":[37],"constraints,":[38],"enabling":[39],"deduction":[41],"of":[42],"reduced":[44,146],"problem":[45],"formulation.":[46],"However,":[47],"prediction":[48],"errors":[49],"are":[50,125],"inevitable,":[51],"synthetic":[53],"training":[54],"data":[55,124],"may":[56],"not":[57],"fully":[58],"reflect":[59],"real-world":[60,99],"conditions.":[61],"This":[62],"paper":[63],"presents":[64],"structured":[66],"approach":[67],"managing":[69],"uncertainty":[70],"by":[71],"classifying":[72],"constraints":[73],"into":[74],"three":[75],"sets":[76],"\u2013":[77,82],"active,":[78],"inactive,":[79],"unpredictable":[81],"where":[83],"each":[84],"constraint":[85],"modeled":[87],"using":[88],"separate":[90],"binary":[91],"classifier.":[92],"The":[93],"method":[94],"applied":[96],"bilevel":[100,130],"distribution":[101],"problem:":[104],"upper":[106],"level":[107,117],"solves":[108,149],"an":[109],"AC":[110],"Optimal":[111],"Power":[112],"Flow,":[113],"while":[114],"lower":[116],"minimizes":[118],"residential":[119],"photovoltaic":[120,139],"curtailment.":[122],"Training":[123],"generated":[126],"from":[127],"daily":[128],"exact":[129],"solutions,":[131],"incorporating":[132],"variability":[133],"in":[134],"electricity":[135],"prices,":[136],"consumption,":[137],"generation.":[141],"Results":[142],"show":[143],"that":[144],"formulation":[147],"effectively":[148],"problem,":[151],"up":[152],"10":[154],"times":[155],"faster":[156],"with":[157],"marginal":[159],"objective":[160],"value":[161],"deviation":[162],"(-3%":[163],"+4%).":[165]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-21T06:11:54.161237","created_date":"2025-11-13T00:00:00"}