{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416010656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3630594","title":"Secondary Frequency Control Through Serverless Cloud Computing for Active Distribution Networks","display_name":"Secondary Frequency Control Through Serverless Cloud Computing for Active Distribution Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416010656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3630594"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2025.3630594","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3630594","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3630594","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069181439","display_name":"Jitendra Thapa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8008-9791"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jitendra Thapa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8008-9791","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120299439","display_name":"Maxim Rusakov","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800027884","display_name":"Israel Atomic Energy Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/01bh2qr63","country_code":"IL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800027884"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109333","display_name":"Evolutionary Genomics (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/021z7gb33","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109333"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135169","display_name":"Institut de Biologia Evolutiva","ror":"https://ror.org/044mj7r89","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134820265","https://openalex.org/I170486558","https://openalex.org/I4210135169"]}],"countries":["ES","IL","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maxim Rusakov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Evolution-Energy., Tel Aviv, Israel","Evolution-Energy, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6615-7165","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Evolution-Energy., Tel Aviv, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800027884"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Evolution-Energy, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109333","https://openalex.org/I4210135169"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000628175","display_name":"Mohammed Benidris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8731-8913"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Ben-Idris","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8731-8913","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17619424,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"2","first_page":"1043","last_page":"1055"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12277","display_name":"Frequency Control in Power Systems","score":0.9334999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12277","display_name":"Frequency Control in Power Systems","score":0.9334999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10305","display_name":"Power System Optimization and Stability","score":0.023900000378489494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.01489999983459711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-generation-control","display_name":"Automatic Generation Control","score":0.5138999819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mqtt","display_name":"MQTT","score":0.482699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-frequency-control","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","score":0.4332999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.41110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.4099000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demand-response","display_name":"Demand response","score":0.4072999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/response-time","display_name":"Response time","score":0.36890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.3538999855518341}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6428999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778763806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4826572","display_name":"Automatic Generation Control","level":4,"score":0.5138999819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132868160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10322548","display_name":"MQTT","level":3,"score":0.482699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.44269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25915539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220786","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","level":2,"score":0.4332999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.41110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.4099000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779438525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255048","display_name":"Demand response","level":3,"score":0.4072999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.38019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19012869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578372","display_name":"Response time","level":2,"score":0.36890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.3538999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3379000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56685638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2300474","display_name":"Power control","level":3,"score":0.33009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.32739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21905445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5502873","display_name":"Frequency grid","level":3,"score":0.322299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.31220000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544738498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861135","display_name":"Distributed generation","level":3,"score":0.3050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.29280000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.2833999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98025372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477538","display_name":"Systems architecture","level":3,"score":0.2750000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153740404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671224","display_name":"Data center","level":2,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192126672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068715","display_name":"Telecommunications network","level":2,"score":0.2565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779913896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7063001","display_name":"Notice","level":2,"score":0.2531000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.251800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.25}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2025.3630594","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3630594","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2025.3630594","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3630594","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2014892163","https://openalex.org/W2082079437","https://openalex.org/W2163473519","https://openalex.org/W2397042490","https://openalex.org/W2509003636","https://openalex.org/W2539869707","https://openalex.org/W2754445377","https://openalex.org/W2888872274","https://openalex.org/W2897126533","https://openalex.org/W2904680971","https://openalex.org/W2962975740","https://openalex.org/W3044243359","https://openalex.org/W3047813769","https://openalex.org/W3188767936","https://openalex.org/W4205480738","https://openalex.org/W4376473361","https://openalex.org/W4382068664","https://openalex.org/W4386706824","https://openalex.org/W4387005843","https://openalex.org/W4396912222","https://openalex.org/W4400488236","https://openalex.org/W4405968134","https://openalex.org/W4407064875"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,14,21,30,82,100,152,158,166,169,207,212,219,228,231,234,238,245,250],"growing":[2],"integration":[3],"of":[4,27,32,154,168,175,201,211,216,230,237],"distributed":[5],"energy":[6],"resources":[7],"(DERs),":[8],"many":[9],"regulating":[10,83,155,220],"entities,":[11],"such":[12,112,145],"as":[13,113,146],"Federal":[15],"Energy":[16,181],"Regulatory":[17],"Commission":[18],"(FERC)":[19],"in":[20,62,85,185,222],"USA,":[22],"have":[23],"initiated":[24],"a":[25,52,125,190],"notice":[26],"inquiry":[28],"for":[29,35,57,79,247],"utilization":[31],"cloud":[33,54,103,121,161],"services":[34,42],"power":[36],"systems":[37],"operation,":[38],"including":[39],"ancillary":[40],"grid":[41,191],"from":[43,179],"DERs.":[44],"Motivated":[45],"by":[46,205],"these":[47],"initiatives,":[48],"this":[49],"paper":[50],"develops":[51],"serverless":[53,102,160,240],"computing":[55,104,162],"architecture":[56,71,105,122],"real-time":[58,126,173],"secondary":[59,68],"frequency":[60,69,202],"control":[61,70,90],"active":[63],"distribution":[64],"networks":[65],"(ADNs).":[66],"A":[67],"is":[72,96,187,195],"developed":[73,94,170],"along":[74],"with":[75,99,124],"an":[76,131,176],"optimization-based":[77,171],"controller":[78],"optimally":[80],"dispatching":[81,218],"units":[84,156,221],"response":[86,192,209,223],"to":[87,164,197,224],"automatic":[88],"generation":[89],"(AGC)":[91],"signals.":[92],"The":[93,119,214],"optimization":[95],"fully":[97],"integrated":[98],"proposed":[101,159,239,251],"utilizing":[106,133],"several":[107,140],"Amazon":[108],"Web":[109],"Services":[110],"(AWS)":[111],"Lambda,":[114],"IoT":[115,134],"Core,":[116],"and":[117,139,148,243],"S3.":[118],"AWS":[120],"communicates":[123],"digital":[127],"simulator,":[128],"which":[129],"mimics":[130],"ADN,":[132],"devices":[135],"like":[136],"Raspberry":[137],"Pi":[138],"utility":[141,184],"standard":[142],"communication":[143],"protocols":[144],"MQTT":[147],"TCP/IP.":[149],"To":[150],"demonstrate":[151,233],"dispatch":[153],"using":[157],"architecture\u2014and":[163],"validate":[165,227],"performance":[167],"controller\u2014a":[172],"model":[174],"actual":[177,208],"feeder":[178],"NV":[180],"(the":[182],"largest":[183],"Nevada)":[186],"utilized.":[188],"Furthermore,":[189],"time":[193,210],"analysis":[194],"conducted":[196],"enable":[198],"proper":[199],"sequencing":[200],"regulation":[203],"commands":[204],"predicting":[206],"grid.":[213],"results":[215],"accurately":[217],"AGC":[225],"signals":[226],"accuracy":[229],"optimization,":[232],"successful":[235],"implementation":[236],"cloud-based":[241],"AGC,":[242],"set":[244],"stage":[246],"practically":[248],"implementing":[249],"solutions.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-11-07T00:00:00"}