{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415707406","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3627434","title":"Grid Codes-Informed Virtual Power Plant Management for Frequency Containment Reserve Provision","display_name":"Grid Codes-Informed Virtual Power Plant Management for Frequency Containment Reserve Provision","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415707406","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3627434"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2025.3627434","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3627434","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052509277","display_name":"Mingyu Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5547-1033"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingyu Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5547-1033","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100377430","display_name":"Jiaxin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2200-3515"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaxin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2200-3515","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031045561","display_name":"Fei Teng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6828-0294"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Teng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K","Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6828-0294","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100764495","display_name":"Yi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1143-0666"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1143-0666","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4626,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69265804,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"2","first_page":"1250","last_page":"1263"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.4032000005245209,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.4032000005245209,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.11789999902248383,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11185","display_name":"Integrated Energy Systems Optimization","score":0.11710000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-power-plant","display_name":"Virtual power plant","score":0.8580999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.6643999814987183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-generation","display_name":"Distributed generation","score":0.5813000202178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.4984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-frequency-control","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","score":0.4697999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/portfolio","display_name":"Portfolio","score":0.4537000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-management","display_name":"Load management","score":0.4404999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/containment","display_name":"Containment (computer programming)","score":0.4345000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.4194999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-grid","display_name":"Frequency grid","score":0.41850000619888306}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776033628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q785102","display_name":"Virtual power plant","level":4,"score":0.8580999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.6643999814987183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544738498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861135","display_name":"Distributed generation","level":3,"score":0.5813000202178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25915539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220786","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","level":2,"score":0.4697999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780821815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5340806","display_name":"Portfolio","level":2,"score":0.4537000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779370713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357554","display_name":"Load management","level":2,"score":0.4404999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4392000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777019822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q390066","display_name":"Containment (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.4345000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.42570000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.4194999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21905445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5502873","display_name":"Frequency grid","level":3,"score":0.41850000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.41280001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.3772999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779438525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255048","display_name":"Demand response","level":3,"score":0.3734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983304839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1747997","display_name":"Frequency regulation","level":4,"score":0.36039999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.3465000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108755667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1930258","display_name":"AC power","level":3,"score":0.34130001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776174695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283162","display_name":"Distributed management","level":2,"score":0.33309999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.3328999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.32670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.32580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180591934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1253369","display_name":"Downtime","level":2,"score":0.32510000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3179999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67069471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140205","display_name":"IT service continuity","level":2,"score":0.30880001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.30730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.30550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778675665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1308552","display_name":"Islanding","level":4,"score":0.30300000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.30149999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.2937000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778774385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4437810","display_name":"Power management","level":3,"score":0.29339998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.2554999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.25429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123153844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360897","display_name":"Base load power plant","level":4,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2025.3627434","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3627434","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4138836484","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFE0141200","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4252659043","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024A1515011266","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,20],"transition":[1],"towards":[2],"high-renewable":[3],"penetrated":[4],"power":[5,42],"systems":[6],"has":[7],"posed":[8],"significant":[9],"challenges":[10],"for":[11,215],"frequency":[12,38,51,64],"regulation":[13,39,52,204],"due":[14],"to":[15,35,111,177],"the":[16,37,57,63,68,76,84,88,121,131,141,144,149,158,179,188,195,198,203,207],"declining":[17],"system":[18],"inertia.":[19],"flexibility":[21],"of":[22,41,78,125,133,143,181,197,206],"distributed":[23],"energy":[24],"resources":[25],"(DERs)":[26],"can":[27],"be":[28],"harnessed":[29],"through":[30,56,135],"Virtual":[31],"Power":[32],"Plants":[33],"(VPPs)":[34],"enhance":[36,153],"capability":[40],"systems.":[43],"From":[44],"a":[45,49,105,136,165],"service":[46],"provider\u2019s":[47],"perspective,":[48],"VPP\u2019s":[50,150],"support":[53],"is":[54,128],"realized":[55],"operating":[58],"reserve":[59,66],"provision.":[60,217],"Focusing":[61],"on":[62,187],"containment":[65],"(FCR),":[67],"effective":[69],"FCR":[70,114,216],"provision":[71],"by":[72],"VPPs":[73],"must":[74],"respect":[75],"limitations":[77],"individual":[79],"devices,":[80],"while":[81,209],"complying":[82],"with":[83,117,130,212],"technical":[85],"specifications":[86],"in":[87],"grid":[89,106,118,213],"codes,":[90],"such":[91],"as":[92],"initial":[93,159],"delay":[94,160],"time":[95,98,124,146,161],"and":[96,156,173],"rise":[97,123,145],"requirements.":[99],"In":[100],"this":[101],"context,":[102],"we":[103,163],"propose":[104],"codes-informed":[107],"VPP":[108,208],"management":[109],"scheme":[110],"effectively":[112],"deliver":[113],"that":[115,201],"comply":[116],"codes.":[119],"Specifically,":[120],"aggregated":[122],"heterogeneous":[126],"DERs":[127,134,171],"encoded":[129],"portfolio":[132],"data-driven":[137],"framework,":[138],"thus":[139],"facilitating":[140],"integration":[142],"constraint":[147],"into":[148],"management.":[151],"To":[152],"computational":[154],"efficiency":[155],"meet":[157],"requirement,":[162],"introduce":[164],"two-level":[166],"model":[167],"reduction":[168],"method,":[169],"node-level":[170],"aggregation":[172],"network-level":[174],"topology":[175],"simplification,":[176],"streamline":[178],"coordination":[180],"massive":[182],"DERs.":[183],"Case":[184],"studies":[185],"based":[186],"European":[189],"Low":[190],"Voltage":[191],"Test":[192],"Feeder":[193],"demonstrate":[194],"effectiveness":[196],"proposed":[199],"method":[200],"minimizes":[202],"costs":[205],"ensuring":[210],"compliance":[211],"codes":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-02-21T06:11:54.161237","created_date":"2025-10-30T00:00:00"}
