{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415179230","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3620106","title":"Multi-Objective Low-Carbon Scheduling Method for Data Centers Based on Ensemble Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Multi-Objective Low-Carbon Scheduling Method for Data Centers Based on Ensemble Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415179230","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3620106"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2025.3620106","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3620106","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/files/580538004/Multi-Objective_Low-Carbon_Scheduling_Method_for_Data_Centers_Based_on_Ensemble_Reinforcement_Learning_Postprint.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yifan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2612-9553"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K","School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2612-9553","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026529203","display_name":"Wei Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4180-3040"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K","School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4180-3040","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013890468","display_name":"Pengyu Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5613-1910"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengyu Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K","School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027402617","display_name":"Gareth Harrison","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1697-630X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gareth Harrison","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K","School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1697-630X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9086,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90158293,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"1","first_page":"297","last_page":"308"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9800999760627747,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9800999760627747,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.6276000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.569599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.566100001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.5393000245094299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-center","display_name":"Data center","score":0.4812999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.4812999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity-generation","display_name":"Electricity generation","score":0.4041999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.3977999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.3930000066757202}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7289000153541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.6276000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.569599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.566100001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.5393000245094299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153740404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671224","display_name":"Data center","level":2,"score":0.4812999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.4812999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C423512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383973","display_name":"Electricity generation","level":3,"score":0.4041999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.3977999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.3930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137635306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182667","display_name":"Pareto principle","level":2,"score":0.3871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779438525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255048","display_name":"Demand response","level":3,"score":0.3767000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111873713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1641413","display_name":"Job scheduler","level":3,"score":0.36660000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.3562999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.33149999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3246999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.3181999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107327155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q330268","display_name":"Decision support system","level":2,"score":0.3154999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779370713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357554","display_name":"Load management","level":2,"score":0.3093999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140781008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1221081","display_name":"Service quality","level":3,"score":0.30889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13736549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4489420","display_name":"Industrial engineering","level":1,"score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.2874000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55416958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6206757","display_name":"Job shop scheduling","level":3,"score":0.2858999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.28369998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181889124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380204","display_name":"Service level","level":2,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779280359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870344","display_name":"Electricity pricing","level":4,"score":0.2718000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.265500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.258899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.25529998540878296}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2025.3620106","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3620106","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:publications/14c263f0-d70d-4c1e-94dc-15fd98072031","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/14c263f0-d70d-4c1e-94dc-15fd98072031","pdf_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/files/580538004/Multi-Objective_Low-Carbon_Scheduling_Method_for_Data_Centers_Based_on_Ensemble_Reinforcement_Learning_Postprint.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400321","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","host_organization_name":"University of Edinburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Wang, Y, Sun, W, Ren, P & Harrison, G 2026, 'Multi-Objective Low-Carbon Scheduling Method for Data Centers Based on Ensemble Reinforcement Learning', IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 297-308. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2025.3620106","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:openaire/14c263f0-d70d-4c1e-94dc-15fd98072031","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820/14c263f0-d70d-4c1e-94dc-15fd98072031","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400321","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","host_organization_name":"University of Edinburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Wang, Y, Sun, W, Ren, P & Harrison, G 2026, 'Multi-Objective Low-Carbon Scheduling Method for Data Centers Based on Ensemble Reinforcement Learning', IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 297-308. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2025.3620106","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:publications/14c263f0-d70d-4c1e-94dc-15fd98072031","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/14c263f0-d70d-4c1e-94dc-15fd98072031","pdf_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/files/580538004/Multi-Objective_Low-Carbon_Scheduling_Method_for_Data_Centers_Based_on_Ensemble_Reinforcement_Learning_Postprint.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400321","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","host_organization_name":"University of Edinburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Wang, Y, Sun, W, Ren, P & Harrison, G 2026, 'Multi-Objective Low-Carbon Scheduling Method for Data Centers Based on Ensemble Reinforcement Learning', IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 297-308. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2025.3620106","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415179230.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415179230.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,101,161],"explosive":[1],"growth":[2],"of":[3,43,64,93,156,169],"GPU":[4],"data":[5,56,128,159,170,179],"centers":[6,57,180],"is":[7],"driven":[8],"by":[9,96],"the":[10,23,26,38,40,98,131,166],"surging":[11],"demand":[12],"for":[13,55,115],"machine":[14],"learning,":[15],"artificial":[16],"intelligence,":[17],"and":[18,69,90,151,175,181],"high-performance":[19],"computing":[20],"applications,":[21],"with":[22,62],"pressure":[24],"on":[25,124],"power":[27,182],"grid":[28,44],"intensifying.":[29],"Meanwhile,":[30],"as":[31],"renewable":[32,66],"energy":[33,67],"becomes":[34],"more":[35],"integrated":[36,106],"into":[37],"grid,":[39],"carbon":[41,71,77,88,146],"intensity":[42],"electricity":[45,149],"varies":[46],"at":[47],"different":[48],"times.":[49],"This":[50,79,134],"variability":[51],"presents":[52],"an":[53,105],"opportunity":[54],"to":[58,86,110,164],"align":[59],"their":[60,75],"workloads":[61],"periods":[63],"high":[65,154],"generation":[68],"low":[70],"intensity,":[72],"thereby":[73],"reducing":[74],"operational":[76],"emissions.":[78],"paper":[80],"proposes":[81],"a":[82,120,125,153],"multi-objective":[83],"scheduling":[84,141],"strategy":[85,103],"minimize":[87],"emissions":[89,147],"maximize":[91],"quality":[92,155],"service":[94,157],"(QoS)":[95],"identifying":[97],"Pareto":[99],"front.":[100],"proposed":[102],"employs":[104],"reinforcement":[107],"learning":[108],"model":[109],"dynamically":[111],"integrate":[112],"action":[113],"strategies":[114],"multiple":[116],"objectives.":[117],"Results":[118],"from":[119,137,148],"case":[121],"study":[122],"based":[123],"real-world,":[126],"large-scale":[127],"center":[129],"illustrate":[130],"method\u2019s":[132],"effectiveness.":[133],"effectiveness":[135],"arises":[136],"its":[138],"dual-objective":[139],"job":[140],"strategy,":[142],"which":[143],"simultaneously":[144],"reduces":[145],"consumption":[150],"maintains":[152],"in":[158,184],"centers.":[160],"method":[162],"aims":[163],"promote":[165],"low-carbon":[167],"operation":[168],"centers,":[171],"provide":[172],"decision":[173],"support,":[174],"facilitate":[176],"coordination":[177],"between":[178],"systems":[183],"real-world":[185],"applications.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-15T00:00:00"}
