{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7084921815","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3618896","title":"Virtual Power Plants for Frequency Regulation: A Learning-Based Method With Safety Guarantee","display_name":"Virtual Power Plants for Frequency Regulation: A Learning-Based Method With Safety Guarantee","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7084921815","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3618896"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2025.3618896","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3618896","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mingyang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4539-6164"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingyang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Data and Information, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4539-6164","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Data and Information, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yinliang Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5149-5101"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinliang Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Data and Information, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5149-5101","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Data and Information, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Linwei Sang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6340-1758"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linwei Sang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6340-1758","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ye Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5268-5289"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ye Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5268-5289","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Nikos D. Hatziargyriou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5296-191X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174458059","display_name":"National Technical University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/03cx6bg69","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikos D. Hatziargyriou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5296-191X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9943,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77586959,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"1","first_page":"388","last_page":"401"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10894","display_name":"Groundwater flow and contamination studies","score":0.8206999897956848,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10894","display_name":"Groundwater flow and contamination studies","score":0.8206999897956848,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11801","display_name":"Reservoir Engineering and Simulation Methods","score":0.041999999433755875,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10969","display_name":"Water resources management and optimization","score":0.016200000420212746,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.692300021648407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.6578999757766724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-frequency-control","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","score":0.6261000037193298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/governor","display_name":"Governor","score":0.6187000274658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertia","display_name":"Inertia","score":0.48159998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.4803999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.44909998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transient","display_name":"Transient (computer programming)","score":0.3986999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.3955000042915344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.692300021648407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.6578999757766724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25915539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220786","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","level":2,"score":0.6261000037193298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781233147","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3229617","display_name":"Governor","level":2,"score":0.6187000274658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.5242000222206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4884999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110407247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122508","display_name":"Inertia","level":2,"score":0.48159998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.4803999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.44909998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4219000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780799671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17087362","display_name":"Transient (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.3986999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.3955000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123919525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q761942","display_name":"Frequency deviation","level":3,"score":0.3885999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.352400004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8590192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054694","display_name":"Frequency response","level":2,"score":0.336899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3314000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87635042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5186717","display_name":"Critical frequency","level":3,"score":0.32749998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.3273000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56685638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2300474","display_name":"Power control","level":3,"score":0.32190001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31531917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q915157","display_name":"Robust control","level":3,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91575142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971426","display_name":"Optimal control","level":2,"score":0.2964000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.28760001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91581856","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2707001","display_name":"Nonlinear control","level":3,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778763806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4826572","display_name":"Automatic Generation Control","level":4,"score":0.2637999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.2583000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778774385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4437810","display_name":"Power management","level":3,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2025.3618896","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3618896","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5669041872024536,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3713716021","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52277107","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5123574733","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024YFB4206500","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1991596639","https://openalex.org/W2604603954","https://openalex.org/W2735240926","https://openalex.org/W2794121694","https://openalex.org/W2811380104","https://openalex.org/W2898968226","https://openalex.org/W2901621510","https://openalex.org/W2905020454","https://openalex.org/W2963316597","https://openalex.org/W2966492573","https://openalex.org/W3011715340","https://openalex.org/W3081641648","https://openalex.org/W3094922639","https://openalex.org/W3130889352","https://openalex.org/W3135179889","https://openalex.org/W3155892464","https://openalex.org/W3190710615","https://openalex.org/W4205558024","https://openalex.org/W4285384261","https://openalex.org/W4286655181","https://openalex.org/W4287669147","https://openalex.org/W4312332827","https://openalex.org/W4312426689","https://openalex.org/W4323338437","https://openalex.org/W4323644248","https://openalex.org/W4377191522","https://openalex.org/W4386231358","https://openalex.org/W4391488960","https://openalex.org/W4391930287","https://openalex.org/W4392309189","https://openalex.org/W4397026406","https://openalex.org/W4399205884","https://openalex.org/W4401247175","https://openalex.org/W4404035647","https://openalex.org/W4404371443","https://openalex.org/W4404410837","https://openalex.org/W4405968123"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Frequency":[0],"safety":[1,154],"is":[2,54,108],"becoming":[3],"increasingly":[4],"critical":[5,162],"in":[6,22,30,141],"modern":[7],"power":[8,23,50,136],"systems":[9],"due":[10],"to":[11,56,61,79,128,143,160],"the":[12,25,48,74,81,87,135,148,170],"reduction":[13],"of":[14,89,91],"rotational":[15],"inertia":[16,35],"and":[17,36,58,64,93,124,177],"governor":[18],"damping.":[19],"With":[20],"advances":[21],"electronics,":[24],"inverter-based":[26],"resources":[27],"(IBRs)":[28],"installed":[29],"distribution":[31],"networks":[32],"can":[33],"provide":[34,62],"frequency":[37,83,92,139],"support":[38],"if":[39],"their":[40,144],"controllers":[41,149],"are":[42,71,115,150],"properly":[43],"designed.":[44],"In":[45,67],"this":[46,97],"paper,":[47],"virtual":[49],"plants":[51],"(VPPs)":[52],"framework":[53],"leveraged":[55],"aggregate":[57],"coordinate":[59],"IBRs":[60,133],"inertial":[63],"primary-frequency":[65],"responses.":[66],"particular,":[68],"sufficient":[69],"conditions":[70,106],"derived":[72],"for":[73,138],"VPP":[75],"central":[76],"controller":[77,101,176],"design":[78],"guarantee":[80],"transient":[82],"safety,":[84],"including":[85],"stability,":[86],"rate":[88],"change":[90],"Nadir":[94],"requirements.":[95],"On":[96],"basis,":[98],"a":[99,153],"nonlinear":[100],"parameterization":[102],"that":[103,132,169],"satisfies":[104],"these":[105],"automatically":[107],"proposed.":[109],"The":[110],"optimal":[111],"VPPs":[112],"control":[113,172,181],"policies":[114],"trained":[116],"by":[117],"recurrent":[118],"neural":[119],"network":[120],"(RNN)-based":[121],"reinforcement":[122],"learning":[123],"then":[125],"fairly":[126],"disaggregated":[127],"individual":[129],"IBRs,":[130],"ensuring":[131],"share":[134],"injections":[137],"response":[140],"proportion":[142],"reserve":[145],"capacities.":[146],"Moreover,":[147],"equipped":[151],"with":[152,156],"layer":[155],"trivial":[157],"computation":[158],"burden":[159],"satisfy":[161],"constraint":[163],"during":[164],"implementation.":[165],"Case":[166],"studies":[167],"demonstrate":[168],"proposed":[171],"strategy":[173],"outperforms":[174],"linear":[175],"other":[178],"cutting-edge":[179],"learning-based":[180],"strategies.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
