{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413755219","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3603256","title":"Inertia-Emulation-Based Fast Frequency Response From EVs: A Multi-Level Framework With Game-Theoretic Incentives and DRL","display_name":"Inertia-Emulation-Based Fast Frequency Response From EVs: A Multi-Level Framework With Game-Theoretic Incentives and DRL","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413755219","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3603256"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2025.3603256","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3603256","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036021206","display_name":"Yuyang Wan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0023-9982"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuyang Wan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0023-9982","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100387127","display_name":"Ning Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2748-9518"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","display_name":"Aalborg University","ror":"https://ror.org/04m5j1k67","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ning Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022538445","display_name":"Xueshan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7921-7717"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueshan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7921-7717","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100452592","display_name":"Yanbo Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5508-9220"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","display_name":"Aalborg University","ror":"https://ror.org/04m5j1k67","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanbo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5508-9220","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039395705","display_name":"Frede Blaabjerg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8311-7412"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","display_name":"Aalborg University","ror":"https://ror.org/04m5j1k67","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frede Blaabjerg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8311-7412","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100457678","display_name":"Zhe Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2919-4481"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","display_name":"Aalborg University","ror":"https://ror.org/04m5j1k67","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhe Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2919-4481","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.5567,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98054381,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"6","first_page":"5353","last_page":"5364"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12810","display_name":"Real-time simulation and control systems","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12810","display_name":"Real-time simulation and control systems","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":0.9847000241279602,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9812999963760376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emulation","display_name":"Emulation","score":0.9240654110908508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive","display_name":"Incentive","score":0.6526622176170349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertia","display_name":"Inertia","score":0.5845458507537842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5381044149398804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demand-response","display_name":"Demand response","score":0.45669063925743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-response","display_name":"Frequency response","score":0.42090895771980286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.37223419547080994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.30695557594299316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.22919809818267822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.2167484164237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.18730279803276062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.16797634959220886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.10890448093414307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.08213630318641663}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149810388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5374873","display_name":"Emulation","level":2,"score":0.9240654110908508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.6526622176170349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110407247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122508","display_name":"Inertia","level":2,"score":0.5845458507537842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5381044149398804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779438525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255048","display_name":"Demand response","level":3,"score":0.45669063925743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8590192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054694","display_name":"Frequency response","level":2,"score":0.42090895771980286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.37223419547080994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.30695557594299316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.22919809818267822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.2167484164237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.18730279803276062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.16797634959220886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.10890448093414307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.08213630318641663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2025.3603256","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3603256","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/30000d5c-3d26-4cbb-abed-9b0559f7f5d0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://vbn.aau.dk/da/publications/30000d5c-3d26-4cbb-abed-9b0559f7f5d0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401731","display_name":"VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","host_organization_name":"Aalborg University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Wan, Y, Wang, N, Liu, X, Wang, Y, Blaabjerg, F & Chen, Z 2025, 'Inertia-Emulation-Based Fast Frequency Response From EVs : A Multi-Level Framework With Game-Theoretic Incentives and DRL', I E E E Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 5353-5364. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2025.3603256","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2254122627","https://openalex.org/W2940608966","https://openalex.org/W3164132336","https://openalex.org/W4220837831","https://openalex.org/W4292387263","https://openalex.org/W4293498877","https://openalex.org/W4322102677","https://openalex.org/W4382203443","https://openalex.org/W4387309371","https://openalex.org/W4392121739","https://openalex.org/W4392638817","https://openalex.org/W4394994473","https://openalex.org/W4395451034","https://openalex.org/W4396565131","https://openalex.org/W4397001005","https://openalex.org/W4398170868","https://openalex.org/W4400112581","https://openalex.org/W4402786551","https://openalex.org/W4402891616","https://openalex.org/W4403094395","https://openalex.org/W4403594535","https://openalex.org/W4404132518","https://openalex.org/W4404645940","https://openalex.org/W4404847874","https://openalex.org/W4405107154","https://openalex.org/W4405270140","https://openalex.org/W4406856974","https://openalex.org/W4407777207","https://openalex.org/W4407938059"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2154523322","https://openalex.org/W2083200807","https://openalex.org/W1603137082","https://openalex.org/W2364195017","https://openalex.org/W2355430452","https://openalex.org/W1951195060","https://openalex.org/W2049983405","https://openalex.org/W2392315374","https://openalex.org/W4250115425","https://openalex.org/W3153650734"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"the":[1,11,65,86,89,100,143,159,164],"modern":[2,179],"power":[3,106],"grids":[4],"increasingly":[5],"integrate":[6],"intermittent":[7],"renewable":[8],"energy":[9],"sources,":[10],"reduction":[12],"in":[13,56,126,178],"system":[14,97],"inertia":[15,38,51,91,127,138,145,177],"creates":[16],"challenges":[17],"for":[18,35,174],"frequency":[19,46],"stability.":[20],"Electric":[21],"vehicles":[22],"(EVs),":[23],"with":[24,49],"their":[25],"rapid":[26],"response":[27,47],"capabilities":[28],"and":[29,82,105,152,161],"growing":[30],"penetration,":[31],"offer":[32],"promising":[33],"potential":[34],"providing":[36,175],"virtual":[37,50],"services.":[39,128],"In":[40,129],"this":[41],"paper,":[42],"a":[43,57,73,112,132,170],"novel":[44],"fast":[45],"framework":[48,63],"of":[52,103,163],"EVs":[53,104],"is":[54,93,116],"proposed":[55,62,165],"coupled":[58],"power-transportation":[59],"network.":[60],"The":[61,155],"addresses":[64],"complex":[66],"coordination":[67,109],"required":[68],"across":[69],"multiple":[70],"stakeholders":[71],"through":[72],"hierarchical":[74],"approach":[75,168],"encompassing":[76],"grid":[77,87],"operators,":[78],"charging":[79],"stations":[80],"(CSs),":[81],"EV":[83,124,149],"users.":[84],"At":[85],"level,":[88],"optimal":[90,144],"scheduling":[92],"developed":[94],"to":[95,118],"reduce":[96],"costs,":[98],"considering":[99,147],"spatialtemporal":[101],"characteristics":[102],"fluctuations.":[107],"For":[108],"between":[110],"CSs,":[111],"game-theoretic":[113],"incentive":[114],"mechanism":[115],"designed":[117],"maximize":[119],"collective":[120],"benefits":[121],"while":[122],"encouraging":[123],"participation":[125],"each":[130],"CS,":[131],"deep":[133],"reinforcement":[134],"learning":[135],"(DRL)":[136],"based":[137],"control":[139],"strategy":[140],"can":[141],"achieve":[142],"distribution,":[146],"both":[148],"battery":[150],"conditions":[151],"user":[153],"requirements.":[154],"simulation":[156],"results":[157],"illustrate":[158],"effectiveness":[160],"superiority":[162],"method.":[166],"This":[167],"provides":[169],"feasible":[171],"operation":[172],"solution":[173],"EV-based":[176],"low-inertia":[180],"grids.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}