{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412795700","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3594632","title":"Interactions of AGC Cyber-Attacks and Remedial Action Schemes in a Two-Area System","display_name":"Interactions of AGC Cyber-Attacks and Remedial Action Schemes in a Two-Area System","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412795700","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3594632"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2025.3594632","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3594632","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001342400","display_name":"Abdulmannan Ajabnoor","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdulmannan Ajabnoor","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2639-6783","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032802515","display_name":"Zhi Jin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4599-9351"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Jin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4599-9351","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045396089","display_name":"Maryam Saeedifard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8859-7339"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maryam Saeedifard","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8859-7339","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009730980","display_name":"Dominic Gro\u00df","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8618-7600"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dominic Gro\u00df","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA","University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8618-7600","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.18473456,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"6","first_page":"5472","last_page":"5485"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.11209999769926071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.11209999769926071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.10000000149011612,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13693","display_name":"Smart Systems and Machine Learning","score":0.09139999747276306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remedial-action","display_name":"Remedial action","score":0.7670559883117676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-generation-control","display_name":"Automatic Generation Control","score":0.5999954342842102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action","display_name":"Action (physics)","score":0.5700476169586182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remedial-education","display_name":"Remedial education","score":0.558718740940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.47280994057655334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.46260344982147217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.41686689853668213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3708653450012207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.34657973051071167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3444161117076874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.268807590007782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.15450426936149597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.1288539469242096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.12609803676605225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.10295900702476501}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196513747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7311595","display_name":"Remedial action","level":4,"score":0.7670559883117676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778763806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4826572","display_name":"Automatic Generation Control","level":4,"score":0.5999954342842102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5700476169586182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100207952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7311597","display_name":"Remedial education","level":2,"score":0.558718740940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.47280994057655334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46260344982147217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.41686689853668213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3708653450012207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.34657973051071167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3444161117076874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.268807590007782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.15450426936149597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1288539469242096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.12609803676605225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.10295900702476501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522964758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2019586","display_name":"Environmental remediation","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112570922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60528603","display_name":"Contamination","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2025.3594632","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3594632","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7721331804","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TSG-00236-2025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322322","funder_display_name":"King Abdulaziz University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322322","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965180610","https://openalex.org/W2104505970","https://openalex.org/W2250028030","https://openalex.org/W2757303199","https://openalex.org/W2792818654","https://openalex.org/W2899049598","https://openalex.org/W2913283888","https://openalex.org/W2980418550","https://openalex.org/W3036700712","https://openalex.org/W3049666257","https://openalex.org/W3094758040","https://openalex.org/W3100420717","https://openalex.org/W3103819401","https://openalex.org/W3107176276","https://openalex.org/W3148181069","https://openalex.org/W4292691288","https://openalex.org/W4295700758","https://openalex.org/W4310450838","https://openalex.org/W4312263998","https://openalex.org/W4319458241","https://openalex.org/W4323644080","https://openalex.org/W4323891933","https://openalex.org/W4381799316","https://openalex.org/W4385695000","https://openalex.org/W4387757634","https://openalex.org/W4389722721","https://openalex.org/W4396629496","https://openalex.org/W4402123843","https://openalex.org/W4403447976","https://openalex.org/W4406416981","https://openalex.org/W4408025114"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2737495092","https://openalex.org/W317841832","https://openalex.org/W2922044969","https://openalex.org/W2022264074","https://openalex.org/W2480803072","https://openalex.org/W2093659277","https://openalex.org/W275828494","https://openalex.org/W2045784713","https://openalex.org/W91757256","https://openalex.org/W2557615225"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"generation":[1],"control":[2],"(AGC)":[3],"adjusts":[4],"generator":[5,170],"set-points":[6],"through":[7],"communication":[8,27],"to":[9,24,34,38,93,103,140,145],"maintain":[10],"frequency":[11,40,144],"stability":[12],"and":[13,50,63,123],"scheduled":[14],"power":[15,21,76],"transfer":[16],"between":[17],"neighboring":[18],"areas":[19],"of":[20,75,82,110,153,169,177],"systems.":[22],"Due":[23],"cyber-vulnerabilities":[25],"in":[26],"networks,":[28],"the":[29,51,57,60,66,73,80,108,127,130,136,142,151,154,167,175],"AGC":[30,49],"signal":[31],"is":[32,115],"susceptible":[33],"attacks,":[35],"potentially":[36],"leading":[37],"abnormal":[39],"deviations.":[41],"This":[42],"paper":[43,58,128],"analyzes":[44],"an":[45,146,160],"attack":[46,68,137],"strategy":[47],"targeting":[48],"factors":[52],"influencing":[53],"its":[54],"success.":[55],"First,":[56],"outlines":[59],"attacker":[61,131,161],"model":[62],"briefly":[64],"reviews":[65],"feedback":[67],"policy.":[69],"Then,":[70],"it":[71],"examines":[72,129],"impact":[74],"system":[77,99,143],"parameters":[78],"on":[79],"likelihood":[81],"a":[83,87,98,111,178],"successful":[84,112],"attack,":[85,113],"using":[86,117],"decision":[88],"tree":[89],"algorithm,":[90],"establishing":[91],"guidelines":[92,105],"identify":[94],"worst-case":[95],"scenarios":[96],"from":[97],"operators":[100],"perspective.":[101],"Adhering":[102],"these":[104],"can":[106],"increase":[107],"probability":[109],"which":[114,134],"verified":[116],"phasor":[118],"simulation":[119],"with":[120],"detailed":[121],"turbine/governor":[122],"protection":[124],"models.":[125],"Additionally,":[126],"threat":[132],"model,":[133],"identifies":[135],"surface":[138],"required":[139],"steer":[141],"unsafe":[147],"state":[148],"while":[149],"avoiding":[150],"activation":[152],"remedial":[155],"action":[156],"scheme":[157],"(RAS).":[158],"If":[159],"gains":[162],"access,":[163],"they":[164],"could":[165],"prevent":[166],"tripping":[168],"circuit":[171],"breakers,":[172],"thereby":[173],"increasing":[174],"risk":[176],"system-wide":[179],"collapse":[180],"and/or":[181],"blackout.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}