{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410614297","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3571819","title":"Electrifying Heavy-Duty Trucks: Battery-Swapping Versus Fast Charging","display_name":"Electrifying Heavy-Duty Trucks: Battery-Swapping Versus Fast Charging","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410614297","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3571819"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2025.3571819","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3571819","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2503.08080","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101412419","display_name":"Ruiting Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3294-479X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ruiting Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3294-479X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Antoine Martinez","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antoine Martinez","raw_affiliation_strings":["&#x00C9;cole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France","&#x00C8;cole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"&#x00C9;cole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"&#x00C8;cole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014982059","display_name":"Za\u00efd Allybokus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1126-8988"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103084370","display_name":"Total (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/04sk34n56","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103084370"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zaid Allybokus","raw_affiliation_strings":["TotalEnergies OneTech, Paris, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1126-8988","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TotalEnergies OneTech, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103084370"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039989350","display_name":"Wente Zeng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103084370","display_name":"Total (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/04sk34n56","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103084370"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wente Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["TotalEnergies OneTech, Paris, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TotalEnergies OneTech, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103084370"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017918338","display_name":"Nicolas Obrecht","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7699-7682"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103084370","display_name":"Total (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/04sk34n56","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103084370"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicolas Obrecht","raw_affiliation_strings":["TotalEnergies OneTech, Paris, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TotalEnergies OneTech, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103084370"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029873060","display_name":"Scott Moura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6393-4375"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scott Moura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6393-4375","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101412419"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5406,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89019558,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"5","first_page":"3989","last_page":"4003"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/truck","display_name":"Truck","score":0.935604453086853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heavy-duty","display_name":"Heavy duty","score":0.8091226816177368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.6845000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","score":0.6563167572021484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.5312445163726807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery-capacity","display_name":"Battery capacity","score":0.45901715755462646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.4109416604042053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.389516144990921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.36749839782714844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.3210804760456085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.13911223411560059}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52121051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43193","display_name":"Truck","level":2,"score":0.935604453086853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993573757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3784054","display_name":"Heavy duty","level":2,"score":0.8091226816177368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.6845000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.6563167572021484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.5312445163726807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989104859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery capacity","level":4,"score":0.45901715755462646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4109416604042053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.389516144990921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36749839782714844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3210804760456085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.13911223411560059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2025.3571819","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3571819","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2503.08080","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2503.08080","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2503.08080","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2503.08080","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2503.08080","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2503.08080","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6200000047683716,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2009566243","https://openalex.org/W2023284604","https://openalex.org/W2027738128","https://openalex.org/W2067437271","https://openalex.org/W2079082996","https://openalex.org/W2561090815","https://openalex.org/W2584212846","https://openalex.org/W2592404563","https://openalex.org/W2766955960","https://openalex.org/W2786629336","https://openalex.org/W2810406561","https://openalex.org/W2899213325","https://openalex.org/W2899528136","https://openalex.org/W2902345878","https://openalex.org/W2903931626","https://openalex.org/W2914011715","https://openalex.org/W2946646964","https://openalex.org/W2967686386","https://openalex.org/W3024714652","https://openalex.org/W3049116196","https://openalex.org/W3112023326","https://openalex.org/W3125825357","https://openalex.org/W3166348466","https://openalex.org/W3184690002","https://openalex.org/W3198698558","https://openalex.org/W3215459127","https://openalex.org/W4224263881","https://openalex.org/W4285120868","https://openalex.org/W4310170615","https://openalex.org/W4313229627","https://openalex.org/W4315778359","https://openalex.org/W4319166537","https://openalex.org/W4327700136","https://openalex.org/W4388838032","https://openalex.org/W4390278291","https://openalex.org/W4394627354","https://openalex.org/W4397002931","https://openalex.org/W4398157414","https://openalex.org/W4399850073","https://openalex.org/W4402265304","https://openalex.org/W6846694270"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2362148937","https://openalex.org/W627398415","https://openalex.org/W4252019847","https://openalex.org/W4254204236","https://openalex.org/W4408769533","https://openalex.org/W829935278","https://openalex.org/W4405847300","https://openalex.org/W4210551371","https://openalex.org/W2392119071","https://openalex.org/W2350722454"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"advantages":[1],"and":[2,39,52,75,113,148,160,166,184],"disadvantages":[3],"of":[4,54,111,175],"Battery":[5],"Swapping":[6],"Stations":[7,19],"(BSS)":[8],"for":[9,29,65,122,155],"heavy-duty":[10],"trucks":[11,116],"are":[12],"poorly":[13],"understood,":[14],"relative":[15],"to":[16,34,48,93,120],"Fast":[17],"Charging":[18],"(FCS)":[20],"systems.":[21],"This":[22],"study":[23],"evaluates":[24],"these":[25,131],"two":[26,132],"charging":[27,58,124,182],"mechanisms":[28],"electric":[30,180],"heavyduty":[31],"trucks,":[32],"aiming":[33],"compare":[35],"the":[36,50,128,173],"systems":[37],"efficiency":[38,74,87,108],"identify":[40],"their":[41],"optimal":[42],"design.":[43],"A":[44],"model":[45],"was":[46,137],"developed":[47],"address":[49],"planning":[51],"operation":[53],"BSS":[55,83,101,152,177],"in":[56,109,145],"a":[57,134],"network,":[59],"considering":[60],"in-station":[61],"batteries":[62,104,119],"as":[63],"assets":[64],"various":[66],"services.":[67,169],"We":[68],"assess":[69],"performance":[70],"metrics":[71],"including":[72],"transportation":[73,86,107],"battery":[76,146],"utilization":[77],"efficiency.":[78],"Our":[79],"evaluation":[80],"reveals":[81],"that":[82],"significantly":[84],"increased":[85,161],"by":[88],"reducing":[89],"vehicle":[90],"downtime":[91],"compared":[92],"fast":[94],"charging,":[95],"but":[96],"may":[97],"require":[98,117],"more":[99],"batteries.":[100],"with":[102],"medium-sized":[103],"offers":[105],"improved":[106],"terms":[110],"time":[112],"labor.":[114],"FCS-reliant":[115],"larger":[118],"compensate":[121],"extended":[123],"times.":[125],"To":[126],"understand":[127],"trade-off":[129],"between":[130],"metrics,":[133],"cost-benefit":[135],"analysis":[136],"performed":[138],"under":[139],"different":[140],"scenarios":[141],"involving":[142],"potential":[143,154],"shifts":[144],"prices":[147],"labor":[149],"costs.":[150],"Additionally,":[151],"shows":[153],"significant":[156],"CO2":[157],"emission":[158],"reductions":[159],"profitability":[162],"through":[163],"energy":[164],"arbitrage":[165],"grid":[167],"ancillary":[168],"These":[170],"findings":[171],"emphasize":[172],"importance":[174],"integrating":[176],"into":[178],"future":[179],"truck":[181],"networks":[183],"adopting":[185],"carbon-aware":[186],"operational":[187],"frameworks.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-06T09:05:17.133730","created_date":"2025-05-23T00:00:00"}
