{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410393824","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3570439","title":"Frequency Regulation Provision by EV Aggregator With Dynamic Balance Between User Charging Anxiety and Aggregate Flexibility","display_name":"Frequency Regulation Provision by EV Aggregator With Dynamic Balance Between User Charging Anxiety and Aggregate Flexibility","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410393824","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3570439"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2025.3570439","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3570439","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110585086","display_name":"Biao Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Biao Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Power Distribution Equipment and System, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3844-4903","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Power Distribution Equipment and System, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066641973","display_name":"Wenpeng Luan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6882-0465"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenpeng Luan","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Power Distribution Equipment and System, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6882-0465","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Power Distribution Equipment and System, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070740938","display_name":"Bochao Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9546-3101"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bochao Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Power Distribution Equipment and System, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9546-3101","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Power Distribution Equipment and System, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017220958","display_name":"Chao Long","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5348-8404"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Long","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K","Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5348-8404","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.9877,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93559613,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"4","first_page":"2953","last_page":"2967"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.7427999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.7427999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.6797999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13924","display_name":"Internet of Things and Social Network Interactions","score":0.6407999992370605,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/news-aggregator","display_name":"News aggregator","score":0.9170339107513428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.6918107271194458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/balance","display_name":"Balance (ability)","score":0.595702052116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aggregate","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","score":0.569269061088562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.40298280119895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.39500540494918823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3938325345516205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-economics","display_name":"Environmental economics","score":0.39222976565361023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.342265784740448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.13019412755966187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.08798205852508545}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180505990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q498267","display_name":"News aggregator","level":2,"score":0.9170339107513428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6918107271194458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168031717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530280","display_name":"Balance (ability)","level":2,"score":0.595702052116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.569269061088562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.40298280119895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.39500540494918823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3938325345516205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.39222976565361023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.342265784740448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.13019412755966187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.08798205852508545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2025.3570439","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2025.3570439","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6457598758","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52307133","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6512045733","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"23JCQNJC01670","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323993","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin City"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6672363446","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YFB2401203","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323993","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin City","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967944852","https://openalex.org/W2289936019","https://openalex.org/W2346213479","https://openalex.org/W2484338577","https://openalex.org/W2754915561","https://openalex.org/W2798211001","https://openalex.org/W2805404896","https://openalex.org/W2952348579","https://openalex.org/W2979438566","https://openalex.org/W3015584312","https://openalex.org/W3033682727","https://openalex.org/W3036689958","https://openalex.org/W3112023326","https://openalex.org/W3157618703","https://openalex.org/W3184227953","https://openalex.org/W4205729691","https://openalex.org/W4210939496","https://openalex.org/W4220911839","https://openalex.org/W4226148355","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W4285181031","https://openalex.org/W4285294440","https://openalex.org/W4310815743","https://openalex.org/W4319663613","https://openalex.org/W4322704101","https://openalex.org/W4323338482","https://openalex.org/W4365790395","https://openalex.org/W4379382292","https://openalex.org/W4391020002","https://openalex.org/W4392135047","https://openalex.org/W4396909923","https://openalex.org/W4401671755","https://openalex.org/W6741471465","https://openalex.org/W6840380725","https://openalex.org/W6849534193"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3036238356","https://openalex.org/W2767445978","https://openalex.org/W3092831610","https://openalex.org/W2603387358","https://openalex.org/W230187509","https://openalex.org/W4206057490","https://openalex.org/W962287279","https://openalex.org/W3112734853","https://openalex.org/W2012785328","https://openalex.org/W3141149869"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Aggregating":[0],"a":[1,55,106,114,154],"large":[2],"number":[3],"of":[4,79,98],"electric":[5],"vehicles":[6],"(EVs)":[7],"can":[8],"provide":[9],"considerable":[10],"capacity":[11],"for":[12,184],"frequency":[13],"regulation":[14],"(FR)":[15],"services.":[16],"However,":[17],"disaggregating":[18],"real-time":[19,72],"FR":[20,37,60],"commands":[21],"to":[22,30,42,91,119,142,163,188],"individual":[23],"EVs":[24,31],"results":[25],"in":[26,71,83],"both":[27],"immediate":[28,75],"impacts":[29,34,49,78],"and":[32,68,76,94,130,135,148,167],"cascading":[33,77],"on":[35],"future":[36],"bidding.":[38],"It":[39],"is":[40,111,140,157],"crucial":[41],"manage":[43],"the":[44,96,125,137,149,160,175],"trade-off":[45],"between":[46,133],"these":[47,103,121],"two":[48,84,104],"during":[50],"disaggregation.":[51,73],"This":[52],"paper":[53],"proposes":[54],"deep":[56],"reinforcement":[57],"learning":[58],"(DRL)-based":[59],"provision":[61],"method":[62,177],"that":[63,174],"balances":[64],"user":[65,87,169],"charging":[66,92],"anxiety":[67],"aggregate":[69,100],"flexibility":[70],"The":[74],"disaggregation":[80,108,161],"are":[81],"characterized":[82],"objectives:":[85],"1)":[86],"compensation":[88],"costs":[89],"related":[90],"anxiety,":[93],"2)":[95],"preservation":[97],"EV":[99,185],"flexibility.":[101],"Incorporating":[102],"objectives,":[105],"multi-objective":[107],"optimization":[109],"problem":[110,162],"formulated":[112],"with":[113],"learnable":[115],"soft":[116,127,150],"switching":[117,128,151],"factor":[118,129],"balance":[120],"objectives.":[122],"To":[123],"determine":[124],"optimal":[126],"achieve":[131],"coordination":[132],"bidding":[134,146],"disaggregation,":[136],"DRL":[138],"algorithm":[139],"employed":[141],"jointly":[143],"optimize":[144],"market":[145],"decisions":[147],"factor.":[152],"Additionally,":[153],"consistency-based":[155],"solution":[156],"derived":[158],"from":[159],"alleviate":[164],"computational":[165,194],"burdens":[166],"protect":[168],"privacy.":[170],"Numerical":[171],"simulations":[172],"verify":[173],"proposed":[176],"achieves":[178],"at":[179],"least":[180],"21.2%":[181],"higher":[182],"profits":[183],"aggregators":[186],"compared":[187],"single-objective":[189],"methods":[190],"while":[191],"maintaining":[192],"low":[193],"complexity.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
