{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403511122","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2024.3482696","title":"A Memory-Based Graph Reinforcement Learning Method for Critical Load Restoration With Uncertainties of Distributed Energy Resource","display_name":"A Memory-Based Graph Reinforcement Learning Method for Critical Load Restoration With Uncertainties of Distributed Energy Resource","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403511122","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2024.3482696"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2024.3482696","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2024.3482696","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034282801","display_name":"Bangji Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2709-1830"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bangji Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2709-1830","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100738649","display_name":"Xinghua Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5665-3535"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinghua Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5665-3535","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005659262","display_name":"Gaoxi Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4171-6799"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaoxi Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4171-6799","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013947981","display_name":"Yan Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0503-183X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0503-183X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101766153","display_name":"Xiang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0727-7638"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0727-7638","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100395960","display_name":"Peng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0093-7018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0093-7018","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034282801"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8012,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7297006,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"2","first_page":"1706","last_page":"1718"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10454","display_name":"Optimal Power Flow Distribution","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7880401611328125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6386111974716187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement","display_name":"Reinforcement","score":0.545478880405426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.48467233777046204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-theory","display_name":"Graph theory","score":0.4741620123386383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.46318694949150085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.4348883032798767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-management","display_name":"Load management","score":0.4276084303855896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2830701470375061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.24819520115852356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23192700743675232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.16253498196601868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14629244804382324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.11847716569900513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.0997132658958435}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7880401611328125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6386111974716187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.545478880405426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.48467233777046204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88230418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131476","display_name":"Graph theory","level":2,"score":0.4741620123386383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.46318694949150085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4348883032798767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779370713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357554","display_name":"Load management","level":2,"score":0.4276084303855896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2830701470375061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.24819520115852356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23192700743675232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.16253498196601868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14629244804382324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.11847716569900513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0997132658958435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2024.3482696","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2024.3482696","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6100000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7104028478","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62473309","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2290410061","https://openalex.org/W2318920527","https://openalex.org/W2346456470","https://openalex.org/W2509677837","https://openalex.org/W2726498110","https://openalex.org/W2883019382","https://openalex.org/W2897660303","https://openalex.org/W2901621510","https://openalex.org/W2908261578","https://openalex.org/W2945690175","https://openalex.org/W2960876015","https://openalex.org/W2963864421","https://openalex.org/W2982150485","https://openalex.org/W3006718767","https://openalex.org/W3048830690","https://openalex.org/W3070953475","https://openalex.org/W3098966795","https://openalex.org/W3100416601","https://openalex.org/W3102098736","https://openalex.org/W3115064736","https://openalex.org/W3116661596","https://openalex.org/W3127551572","https://openalex.org/W3190160068","https://openalex.org/W3202039517","https://openalex.org/W4210294974","https://openalex.org/W4220846665","https://openalex.org/W4221133128","https://openalex.org/W4285121179","https://openalex.org/W4312760619","https://openalex.org/W4321770482","https://openalex.org/W4366957215","https://openalex.org/W4367663222","https://openalex.org/W4381415965","https://openalex.org/W4386322069","https://openalex.org/W4386634446","https://openalex.org/W4386857819","https://openalex.org/W4386941502","https://openalex.org/W4387885903","https://openalex.org/W4388505095","https://openalex.org/W4392405622","https://openalex.org/W4396604960","https://openalex.org/W6684921986","https://openalex.org/W6747473740"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4310083477","https://openalex.org/W2328553770","https://openalex.org/W2920061524","https://openalex.org/W1977959518","https://openalex.org/W2038908348","https://openalex.org/W2107890255","https://openalex.org/W2106552856","https://openalex.org/W2145821588","https://openalex.org/W2086122291","https://openalex.org/W1987513656"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,91,173],"integration":[1],"of":[2,82,88,97,121,164,175],"distributed":[3],"energy":[4],"resources":[5],"into":[6],"distribution":[7,49],"networks,":[8],"marked":[9],"by":[10,181],"its":[11],"inherent":[12],"uncertainties,":[13],"presents":[14],"a":[15,29,42,48,62,70,133,150,160,167,182],"substantial":[16],"challenge":[17],"for":[18],"devising":[19],"load":[20,44],"restoration":[21,45,55],"strategies.":[22],"To":[23],"tackle":[24],"this":[25],"challenge,":[26],"we":[27,130],"develop":[28],"memory-based":[30],"graph":[31,137],"reinforcement":[32],"learning":[33],"approach,":[34],"designed":[35],"to":[36,40,116,141,158],"train":[37,142],"the":[38,54,83,89,98,103,107,118,122,126,143,176,189],"agent":[39,144],"acquire":[41],"critical":[43],"strategy":[46],"in":[47,145,166],"network":[50],"under":[51,57],"uncertainties.":[52,172],"Specifically,":[53],"problem":[56],"uncertainties":[58],"is":[59,75,156,179],"formulated":[60],"as":[61],"novel":[63],"partially":[64,146],"observable":[65,104,147],"Markov":[66,128],"decision":[67],"process,":[68,129],"where":[69,153],"multimodal":[71],"feature-based":[72],"observation":[73],"space":[74,78,169],"proposed.":[76],"This":[77],"includes":[79],"graph-structured":[80,92],"data":[81,93],"environment":[84],"and":[85,196],"memory":[86,108],"information":[87,109],"agent.":[90],"contain":[94],"potential":[95],"features":[96],"current":[99],"observation,":[100],"thus":[101],"enhancing":[102],"domain,":[105],"while":[106],"incorporates":[110],"temporal":[111],"correlations":[112],"between":[113],"sample":[114],"sequences":[115],"address":[117],"partial":[119],"observability":[120],"environment.":[123],"Based":[124],"on":[125,188],"proposed":[127,177],"put":[131],"forth":[132],"maximum":[134],"entropy-based":[135],"recurrent":[136],"soft":[138],"actor-critic":[139],"algorithm":[140],"environments":[148],"through":[149],"recursive":[151],"structure,":[152],"entropy":[154],"regularization":[155],"utilized":[157],"facilitate":[159],"more":[161],"extensive":[162],"exploration":[163],"possibilities":[165],"state":[168],"with":[170],"high":[171],"performance":[174],"approach":[178],"validated":[180],"comparative":[183],"study":[184],"versus":[185],"existing":[186],"results":[187],"IEEE":[190],"123-bus":[191],"system":[192],"containing":[193],"wind":[194],"power":[195],"photovoltaic":[197],"sources.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}