{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399801505","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2024.3417294","title":"A Tri-Level Demand Response Framework for EVCS Flexibility Enhancement in Coupled Power and Transportation Networks","display_name":"A Tri-Level Demand Response Framework for EVCS Flexibility Enhancement in Coupled Power and Transportation Networks","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399801505","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2024.3417294"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2024.3417294","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2024.3417294","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054284828","display_name":"Tao Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6251-4574"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, and the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Smart Grid Technology and Equipment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","School of Electrical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6251-4574","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, and the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Smart Grid Technology and Equipment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071547888","display_name":"Zeyu Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8350-9165"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zeyu Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081727683","display_name":"Sheng Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9283-4197"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163340411","display_name":"Hohai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wd4xt90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheng Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Energy and Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9283-4197","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Energy and Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069913666","display_name":"Qinran Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5398-5718"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qinran Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, and the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Smart Grid Technology and Equipment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","School of Electrical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5398-5718","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, and the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Smart Grid Technology and Equipment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101909118","display_name":"Zaijun Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1173-809X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zaijun Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1173-809X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.4008,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":58,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98276434,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"1","first_page":"598","last_page":"611"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12146","display_name":"Power Line Communications and Noise","score":0.9628000259399414,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12238","display_name":"Green IT and Sustainability","score":0.909500002861023,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.7060570120811462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demand-response","display_name":"Demand response","score":0.6509501934051514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.5040399432182312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.41159629821777344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.30666857957839966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.28308820724487305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1863754391670227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1299666166305542}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.7060570120811462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779438525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255048","display_name":"Demand response","level":3,"score":0.6509501934051514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5040399432182312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41159629821777344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.30666857957839966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.28308820724487305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1863754391670227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1299666166305542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2024.3417294","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2024.3417294","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2492449710","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant No. 52307085","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4218734576","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52307085","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336251","display_name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Smart Grid Technology and Equipment","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2522715769","https://openalex.org/W2728781281","https://openalex.org/W2887968838","https://openalex.org/W2926455501","https://openalex.org/W2962690195","https://openalex.org/W2999182754","https://openalex.org/W2999309104","https://openalex.org/W3003503702","https://openalex.org/W3008050185","https://openalex.org/W3016551193","https://openalex.org/W3020551164","https://openalex.org/W3022093343","https://openalex.org/W3039398525","https://openalex.org/W3088811657","https://openalex.org/W3107999936","https://openalex.org/W3124312301","https://openalex.org/W3129382846","https://openalex.org/W3153881282","https://openalex.org/W3170196437","https://openalex.org/W3176891247","https://openalex.org/W3190285967","https://openalex.org/W3199832033","https://openalex.org/W3200898618","https://openalex.org/W3207142523","https://openalex.org/W3215800447","https://openalex.org/W3217292692","https://openalex.org/W4214881458","https://openalex.org/W4221061110","https://openalex.org/W4226134012","https://openalex.org/W4226137402","https://openalex.org/W4281800745","https://openalex.org/W4285120868","https://openalex.org/W4285121931","https://openalex.org/W4285227628","https://openalex.org/W4286656400","https://openalex.org/W4295789365","https://openalex.org/W4295789407","https://openalex.org/W4312236802","https://openalex.org/W4312817642","https://openalex.org/W4312869808","https://openalex.org/W4313229433","https://openalex.org/W4366780983","https://openalex.org/W4372054883","https://openalex.org/W4379382292","https://openalex.org/W4388505318","https://openalex.org/W4393241286","https://openalex.org/W4394896900","https://openalex.org/W6737893269","https://openalex.org/W6747473740","https://openalex.org/W6764988152"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2555175041","https://openalex.org/W2032085210","https://openalex.org/W2052188148","https://openalex.org/W2389561653","https://openalex.org/W4239205706","https://openalex.org/W4239297229","https://openalex.org/W3003695187","https://openalex.org/W2390279801"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,77,135,150],"increasing":[1],"penetration":[2],"of":[3,32,104,147,152,169,187],"electric":[4],"vehicles":[5],"(EVs)":[6],"presents":[7],"an":[8,64],"opportunity":[9],"for":[10,67],"demand":[11],"response":[12],"(DR)":[13],"programs":[14],"in":[15,25,38,69,131],"the":[16,26,30,55,70,81,128,132,153,179,184],"power":[17,59,72],"network":[18,28,61,75,83],"to":[19,41,53,126,190],"improve":[20,54],"overall":[21],"operation":[22,95,112],"efficiency.":[23],"However,":[24],"transportation":[27,74],"(TN),":[29],"potential":[31],"EV":[33],"charging":[34,192],"stations":[35],"(EVCS)":[36],"participating":[37],"DR":[39,51,129,181],"needs":[40],"be":[42],"more":[43],"effectively":[44],"harnessed.":[45],"This":[46,99],"paper":[47],"proposes":[48],"a":[49,115,160],"tri-level":[50,133,155],"framework":[52,79,100,123,156],"EVCS":[56,68,86,139],"flexibility":[57,186],"via":[58],"distribution":[60,82],"(PDN)":[62],"designing":[63],"incentive":[65],"mechanism":[66],"coupled":[71],"and":[73,87,93,140,172],"(CPTN).":[76],"proposed":[78,125,154,180],"encompasses":[80],"operators":[84],"(DNOs),":[85],"EVs,":[88],"while":[89],"ensuring":[90],"information":[91],"security":[92],"independent":[94],"within":[96],"each":[97],"level.":[98],"integrates":[101],"heterogeneous":[102],"strategies":[103,130],"different":[105],"participants":[106],"aimed":[107],"at":[108],"profits":[109],"maximization":[110],"or":[111],"safety,":[113],"towards":[114],"dynamic":[116,136],"equilibrium.":[117],"A":[118],"deep":[119],"reinforcement":[120],"learning-based":[121],"(DRL)":[122],"is":[124,142,157],"obtain":[127],"framework.":[134],"equilibrium":[137],"between":[138],"DNOs":[141],"approximated":[143],"through":[144,159],"iterative":[145],"training":[146],"safe":[148],"DRL.":[149],"effectiveness":[151],"validated":[158],"real-world":[161],"test":[162],"system":[163],"from":[164],"Nanjing":[165],"City,":[166],"China,":[167],"consisting":[168],"39":[170],"nodes":[171],"10":[173],"EVCSs.":[174],"Numerical":[175],"results":[176],"confirm":[177],"that":[178],"program":[182],"enhances":[183],"operational":[185],"EVCSs":[188],"compared":[189],"traditional":[191],"load":[193],"regulation":[194],"methods.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}