{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399373681","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2024.3409704","title":"A Butterfly Effect: Attack-Induced Heterogeneous Equilibrium Points of High-Voltage DC Systems","display_name":"A Butterfly Effect: Attack-Induced Heterogeneous Equilibrium Points of High-Voltage DC Systems","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399373681","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2024.3409704"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2024.3409704","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2024.3409704","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032431484","display_name":"Jiazuo Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6440-6585"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiazuo Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6440-6585","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069349544","display_name":"Hanchen Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8008-077X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanchen Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8008-077X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030353833","display_name":"Jimmy Chih\u2010Hsien Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8615-1592"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jimmy Chih-Hsien Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8615-1592","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5569,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64936808,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"6","first_page":"5992","last_page":"6004"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10558","display_name":"Advancements in Semiconductor Devices and Circuit Design","score":0.9573000073432922,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10558","display_name":"Advancements in Semiconductor Devices and Circuit Design","score":0.9573000073432922,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11102","display_name":"HVDC Systems and Fault Protection","score":0.9524999856948853,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9362000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/butterfly","display_name":"Butterfly","score":0.616191565990448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/butterfly-effect","display_name":"Butterfly effect","score":0.5757543444633484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.5550228357315063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.5225550532341003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.38415244221687317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3726072907447815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.31296685338020325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2869608402252197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.24008405208587646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.1421540379524231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.12957021594047546}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778605236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1018085","display_name":"Butterfly","level":2,"score":0.616191565990448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118979974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187536","display_name":"Butterfly effect","level":3,"score":0.5757543444633484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.5550228357315063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.5225550532341003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38415244221687317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3726072907447815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.31296685338020325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2869608402252197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.24008405208587646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.1421540379524231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.12957021594047546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777052490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072826","display_name":"Chaotic","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2024.3409704","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2024.3409704","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1552094772","https://openalex.org/W2141394518","https://openalex.org/W2550453031","https://openalex.org/W2620314617","https://openalex.org/W2940489709","https://openalex.org/W2949851680","https://openalex.org/W2951123067","https://openalex.org/W2970794591","https://openalex.org/W2989536672","https://openalex.org/W3045453094","https://openalex.org/W3083167475","https://openalex.org/W3085711298","https://openalex.org/W3093667476","https://openalex.org/W3158597070","https://openalex.org/W3161160973","https://openalex.org/W3191917324","https://openalex.org/W4206286808","https://openalex.org/W4210698069","https://openalex.org/W4214901667","https://openalex.org/W4226062284","https://openalex.org/W4234436290","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W4252911570","https://openalex.org/W4385659560"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2282324977","https://openalex.org/W4283796326","https://openalex.org/W4247798004","https://openalex.org/W2505182312","https://openalex.org/W2747139355","https://openalex.org/W1980045079","https://openalex.org/W4206364796","https://openalex.org/W2491755398","https://openalex.org/W2347402412","https://openalex.org/W4255248898"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"High-voltage":[0],"direct-current":[1],"(HVDC)":[2],"system":[3],"plays":[4],"a":[5,19,127,162,168,173],"vital":[6],"role":[7],"in":[8,49,138,145],"enabling":[9],"long-distance,":[10],"bulk":[11],"power":[12,91,146],"transfers":[13],"between":[14],"regions.":[15],"It":[16],"is":[17,23],"intrinsically":[18],"cyber-physical":[20],"system,":[21],"and":[22,32,69,94,147,172],"vulnerable":[24],"to":[25,102,135],"cyber":[26],"intrusions,":[27],"threatening":[28],"both":[29,65],"HVDC":[30,40,59,117,140,152,164],"converters":[31],"their":[33],"interconnected":[34],"grids.":[35],"To":[36],"this":[37,77],"end,":[38],"attack-induced":[39,107,113],"behaviors":[41],"were":[42,74,99,158],"investigated":[43],"by":[44,85,160],"identifying":[45,86],"heterogeneous":[46],"equilibrium":[47,108],"points":[48],"the":[50,80,87,139,155],"cyber-attack":[51,82,170],"injection":[52],"space":[53],"of":[54,64,116,129],"two-terminal":[55],"line-commutated":[56],"converter":[57],"(LCC)":[58],"systems.":[60],"The":[61],"combined":[62],"effects":[63],"intra-station":[66],"switching":[67],"control":[68,73,130],"inter-station":[70],"current":[71],"margin":[72],"considered.":[75],"Therein,":[76],"paper":[78],"derived":[79],"closed-form":[81],"capability":[83],"boundaries":[84],"worst-case":[88],"scenarios":[89],"regarding":[90],"imbalance,":[92],"over-current,":[93],"over-voltage.":[95],"Closed-form":[96],"bifurcation":[97,124],"hyperplanes":[98,125],"then":[100],"formulated":[101],"classify":[103],"non-smooth":[104],"or":[105],"discontinuous":[106],"points.":[109],"They":[110],"showcase":[111],"an":[112],"butterfly":[114],"effect":[115],"systems,":[118],"where":[119],"infinitesimally":[120],"small":[121],"cyber-attacks":[122],"across":[123,149],"trigger":[126],"chain":[128],"malfunctions.":[131],"Such":[132],"outcome":[133],"leads":[134],"dramatic":[136],"changes":[137],"operation":[141],"status,":[142],"e.g.,":[143],"reversals":[144],"voltage":[148],"HVDC.":[150],"Attack-induced":[151],"behaviors,":[153],"including":[154],"infinitesimal-attack-high-impact":[156],"phenomenon,":[157],"validated":[159],"establishing":[161],"hardware-in-the-loop":[163],"cybersecurity":[165],"testbed":[166],"using":[167],"STM32F429-based":[169],"prototype":[171],"Real":[174],"Time":[175],"Digital":[176],"Simulator":[177],"(RTDS).":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
