{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396766976","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2024.3398627","title":"Continuous-Time Aggregation of Massive Flexible HVAC Loads Considering Uncertainty for Reserve Provision in Power System Dispatch","display_name":"Continuous-Time Aggregation of Massive Flexible HVAC Loads Considering Uncertainty for Reserve Provision in Power System Dispatch","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396766976","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2024.3398627"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2024.3398627","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2024.3398627","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050920621","display_name":"Jingguan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9392-222X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jingguan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9392-222X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000319084","display_name":"Xiaomeng Ai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaomeng Ai","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0395-5905","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027757534","display_name":"Jiakun Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8208-5938"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiakun Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8208-5938","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042732958","display_name":"Shichang Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5568-3038"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shichang Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5568-3038","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066501816","display_name":"Shengshi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1199-1084"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengshi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088298380","display_name":"Wei Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4054-5916"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4054-5916","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100641767","display_name":"Jinyu Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0288-727X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinyu Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0288-727X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050920621"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6052,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93343545,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"5","first_page":"4835","last_page":"4849"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10454","display_name":"Optimal Power Flow Distribution","score":0.9865000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6711465120315552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.6545795202255249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hvac","display_name":"HVAC","score":0.5609040856361389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5370418429374695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demand-response","display_name":"Demand response","score":0.5220848917961121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solver","display_name":"Solver","score":0.5169515013694763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.5150167942047119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.501335620880127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affine-transformation","display_name":"Affine transformation","score":0.4704531729221344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.46369871497154236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.4379788935184479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schedule","display_name":"Schedule","score":0.4150426387786865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robust-optimization","display_name":"Robust optimization","score":0.4145951569080353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-conditioning","display_name":"Air conditioning","score":0.25949764251708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.22014543414115906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.20305484533309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1270105242729187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10799306631088257}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6711465120315552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.6545795202255249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122346748","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1798773","display_name":"HVAC","level":3,"score":0.5609040856361389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5370418429374695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779438525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255048","display_name":"Demand response","level":3,"score":0.5220848917961121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778770139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1966904","display_name":"Solver","level":2,"score":0.5169515013694763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5150167942047119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.501335620880127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92757383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q382497","display_name":"Affine transformation","level":2,"score":0.4704531729221344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.46369871497154236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.4379788935184479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68387754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7271585","display_name":"Schedule","level":2,"score":0.4150426387786865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193254401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2160088","display_name":"Robust optimization","level":2,"score":0.4145951569080353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103742991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173725","display_name":"Air conditioning","level":2,"score":0.25949764251708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.22014543414115906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.20305484533309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1270105242729187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10799306631088257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2024.3398627","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2024.3398627","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.5099999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G658698552","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52177088","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8593052418","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"YCJJ20230463","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2106424475","https://openalex.org/W2343499415","https://openalex.org/W2488777635","https://openalex.org/W2598501126","https://openalex.org/W2613262164","https://openalex.org/W2613514429","https://openalex.org/W2801115588","https://openalex.org/W2959484741","https://openalex.org/W2982178548","https://openalex.org/W2987829099","https://openalex.org/W2990309860","https://openalex.org/W3088725794","https://openalex.org/W3111933842","https://openalex.org/W3126638269","https://openalex.org/W3134621951","https://openalex.org/W3137095271","https://openalex.org/W3138485218","https://openalex.org/W3168504343","https://openalex.org/W4224023943","https://openalex.org/W4255034889","https://openalex.org/W4285295184","https://openalex.org/W4293173864","https://openalex.org/W4312408064","https://openalex.org/W4312451098","https://openalex.org/W4320472712","https://openalex.org/W4376456417","https://openalex.org/W4376481118","https://openalex.org/W4386124163","https://openalex.org/W4386563027","https://openalex.org/W4386903313","https://openalex.org/W4386973876","https://openalex.org/W4391249016","https://openalex.org/W4393864419"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2112866972","https://openalex.org/W4240233711","https://openalex.org/W2900606913","https://openalex.org/W4320003279","https://openalex.org/W2326910963","https://openalex.org/W3111008797","https://openalex.org/W4287552621","https://openalex.org/W4376649626","https://openalex.org/W593427938","https://openalex.org/W1997024178"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Heating,":[0],"ventilation,":[1],"and":[2,43,104,136,179,193],"air":[3],"conditioning":[4],"(HVAC)":[5],"loads,":[6],"with":[7,170],"their":[8],"rapid":[9],"response":[10],"capabilities,":[11],"can":[12],"provide":[13],"considerable":[14],"intra-hour":[15,65,190],"flexibility":[16,66,191],"on":[17],"the":[18,28,44,63,80,93,107,112,116,130,149,171,177,182],"demand":[19],"side":[20],"for":[21,87,111],"reserve":[22,155],"provision":[23,156],"in":[24,82,90,157,187],"order":[25],"to":[26,40,61,78,163,168],"follow":[27],"fast":[29],"variations":[30],"of":[31,46,67,115,123,181],"renewables.":[32],"However,":[33],"scheduling":[34],"massive":[35,166],"HVACs":[36,167],"is":[37,76,97,127,145],"challenging":[38],"due":[39],"computation":[41],"complexity":[42],"uncertainty":[45,96,194],"outdoor":[47,94],"temperature.":[48],"In":[49],"this":[50],"paper,":[51],"we":[52],"first":[53],"introduce":[54],"a":[55,72,121,140],"novel":[56],"continuous-time":[57],"(CT)":[58],"aggregation":[59,89,108,119,152,185,188],"model":[60,153,186],"reveal":[62],"potential":[64],"HVACs.":[68],"For":[69],"accurate":[70],"aggregation,":[71],"new":[73],"affine":[74],"transformation":[75],"designed":[77],"handle":[79],"heterogeneity":[81],"high-dimensional":[83],"feasible":[84],"region.":[85],"Further,":[86],"reliable":[88],"practical":[91],"environment,":[92],"temperature":[95],"constructed":[98],"by":[99],"distributionally":[100],"robust":[101],"chance":[102],"constrains":[103],"integrated":[105],"into":[106,154],"model.":[109],"Secondly,":[110],"tractable":[113],"calculation":[114],"proposed":[117,146,150,183],"CT":[118,151,184],"model,":[120],"cascade":[122],"tailored":[124],"reformulation":[125],"techniques":[126],"proposed,":[128],"including":[129],"Bernstein":[131],"polynomial":[132],"spline,":[133],"polytope":[134],"projection,":[135],"linearization":[137],"transformation.":[138],"Thirdly,":[139],"customized":[141],"hierarchical":[142],"dispatch":[143],"framework":[144],"via":[147],"incorporating":[148],"power":[158],"system":[159],"dispatch,":[160],"so":[161],"as":[162],"efficiently":[164],"schedule":[165],"cope":[169],"renewable":[172],"uncertainty.":[173],"Case":[174],"studies":[175],"verify":[176],"effectiveness":[178],"scalability":[180],"accuracy,":[189],"utilization,":[192],"handling.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}