{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392543779","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2024.3373256","title":"Applying Large Language Models to Power Systems: Potential Security Threats","display_name":"Applying Large Language Models to Power Systems: Potential Security Threats","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392543779","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2024.3373256"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2024.3373256","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2024.3373256","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk/bitstream/10397/108942/1/Ruan_Applying_Large_Language.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078324582","display_name":"Jiaqi Ruan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2584-0738"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiaqi Ruan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2584-0738","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090253720","display_name":"Gaoqi Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9060-1675"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaoqi Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9060-1675","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011902043","display_name":"Huan Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3133-3137"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huan Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3133-3137","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101462397","display_name":"Guolong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3726-4216"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116924","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/02d5ks197","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guolong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3726-4216","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086771045","display_name":"Xianzhuo Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianzhuo Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040046000","display_name":"Jing Qiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8507-0558"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8507-0558","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068791753","display_name":"Zhao Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4480-7394"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhao Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering and the Research Institute of Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4480-7394","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering and the Research Institute of Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085698673","display_name":"Fushuan Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6838-2602"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fushuan Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6838-2602","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100366084","display_name":"Zhao Yang Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9659-0858"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhao Yang Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9659-0858","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078324582"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.8135,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":57,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99629919,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"3","first_page":"3333","last_page":"3336"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11941","display_name":"Power System Reliability and Maintenance","score":0.9603000283241272,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11807","display_name":"Infrastructure Resilience and Vulnerability Analysis","score":0.9175000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.6291826963424683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action","display_name":"Action (physics)","score":0.5548155903816223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.520338773727417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5132967829704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4794858396053314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4405658543109894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.2995394468307495}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.6291826963424683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5548155903816223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.520338773727417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5132967829704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4794858396053314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4405658543109894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2995394468307495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2024.3373256","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2024.3373256","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk:10397/108942","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10397/108942","pdf_url":"http://ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk/bitstream/10397/108942/1/Ruan_Applying_Large_Language.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400205","display_name":"PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal/Magazine Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk:10397/108942","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10397/108942","pdf_url":"http://ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk/bitstream/10397/108942/1/Ruan_Applying_Large_Language.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400205","display_name":"PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal/Magazine Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G243973422","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1-W29V","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322598","funder_display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7477742270","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1-YWCV","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322598","funder_display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8709525291","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AoE/P-601/23-N","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321592","funder_display_name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321592","display_name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee","ror":"https://ror.org/00djwmt25"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322598","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392543779.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2319367234","https://openalex.org/W2920646469","https://openalex.org/W3087958975","https://openalex.org/W3108423167","https://openalex.org/W3133702157","https://openalex.org/W3203321135","https://openalex.org/W4283170666","https://openalex.org/W4318830296","https://openalex.org/W4382723369","https://openalex.org/W4385190659","https://openalex.org/W4386934476","https://openalex.org/W6787335730"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2084487854","https://openalex.org/W2353878298","https://openalex.org/W2077682749","https://openalex.org/W2298450300","https://openalex.org/W2374729771","https://openalex.org/W3200334421","https://openalex.org/W3122382218","https://openalex.org/W2738836896","https://openalex.org/W4310765266","https://openalex.org/W2597980854"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Applying":[0],"large":[1],"language":[2],"models":[3],"(LLMs)":[4],"to":[5,48],"modern":[6],"power":[7,49],"systems":[8],"presents":[9],"a":[10],"promising":[11],"avenue":[12],"for":[13,54],"enhancing":[14],"decision-making":[15],"and":[16,57],"operational":[17],"efficiency.":[18],"However,":[19],"this":[20,37,39],"action":[21],"may":[22],"also":[23],"incur":[24],"potential":[25,42],"security":[26],"threats,":[27],"which":[28],"have":[29],"not":[30],"been":[31],"fully":[32],"recognized":[33],"so":[34],"far.":[35],"To":[36],"end,":[38],"article":[40],"analyzes":[41],"threats":[43],"incurred":[44],"by":[45],"applying":[46],"LLMs":[47],"systems,":[50],"emphasizing":[51],"the":[52],"need":[53],"urgent":[55],"research":[56],"development":[58],"of":[59],"countermeasures.":[60]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2026-05-03T08:25:01.440150","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}