{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391454461","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2024.3361014","title":"Enhancing Cyber-Resilience of Power Systems\u2019 AGC Sensor Data by Time Series to Image Domain Encoding","display_name":"Enhancing Cyber-Resilience of Power Systems\u2019 AGC Sensor Data by Time Series to Image Domain Encoding","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391454461","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2024.3361014"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2024.3361014","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2024.3361014","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050877932","display_name":"Siddhartha Deb Roy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4266-2152"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9523339","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Meghalaya","ror":"https://ror.org/020vd6n84","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9523339"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siddhartha Deb Roy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Meghalaya, Shillong, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4266-2152","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Meghalaya, Shillong, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9523339"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045385946","display_name":"Sanjoy Debbarma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3945-7342"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9523339","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Meghalaya","ror":"https://ror.org/020vd6n84","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9523339"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanjoy Debbarma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, National Institute of Technology Meghalaya, Shillong, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3945-7342","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, National Institute of Technology Meghalaya, Shillong, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9523339"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9523339"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2585,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91903634,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"4","first_page":"4159","last_page":"4169"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7136095762252808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.6520514488220215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.5952405333518982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-security","display_name":"Data security","score":0.4778863191604614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eavesdropping","display_name":"Eavesdropping","score":0.4279576539993286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resilience","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","score":0.41007161140441895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.37318068742752075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.34257927536964417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24899062514305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.22068998217582703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.14970320463180542}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7136095762252808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.6520514488220215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.5952405333518982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10511746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899388","display_name":"Data security","level":3,"score":0.4778863191604614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776788033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320769","display_name":"Eavesdropping","level":2,"score":0.4279576539993286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.41007161140441895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.37318068742752075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.34257927536964417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24899062514305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.22068998217582703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.14970320463180542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2024.3361014","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2024.3361014","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2051054517","https://openalex.org/W2055124586","https://openalex.org/W2125621213","https://openalex.org/W2146991078","https://openalex.org/W2153537400","https://openalex.org/W2319367234","https://openalex.org/W2590171375","https://openalex.org/W2799059726","https://openalex.org/W2984195658","https://openalex.org/W2999212218","https://openalex.org/W3154322658","https://openalex.org/W3197516468","https://openalex.org/W3199647054","https://openalex.org/W3200160611","https://openalex.org/W3209921861","https://openalex.org/W4206711672","https://openalex.org/W4210337972","https://openalex.org/W4225391069","https://openalex.org/W4225747461","https://openalex.org/W4283206707","https://openalex.org/W4283214500","https://openalex.org/W4283511254","https://openalex.org/W4283714283","https://openalex.org/W4285107739","https://openalex.org/W4285207834","https://openalex.org/W4285298865","https://openalex.org/W4285302597","https://openalex.org/W4286445287","https://openalex.org/W4288064477","https://openalex.org/W4292825853","https://openalex.org/W4293198552","https://openalex.org/W4293202766","https://openalex.org/W4295036190","https://openalex.org/W4295700758","https://openalex.org/W4297033031","https://openalex.org/W4312522149","https://openalex.org/W4323022537","https://openalex.org/W4386472820","https://openalex.org/W4387250272","https://openalex.org/W4388145733","https://openalex.org/W6790607662","https://openalex.org/W6802821011"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2368710903","https://openalex.org/W4386360526","https://openalex.org/W2772112465","https://openalex.org/W4387918499","https://openalex.org/W2158905603","https://openalex.org/W2766105476","https://openalex.org/W2735171729","https://openalex.org/W350349969","https://openalex.org/W3214026606","https://openalex.org/W2809887432"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,109,164],"shift":[1],"to":[2,32,39,51,66,116,133],"wide":[3],"area":[4],"networks":[5],"(WANs)":[6],"in":[7],"power":[8,53,154,176],"systems":[9],"has":[10,16],"introduced":[11],"security":[12,57,114],"challenges.":[13],"While":[14],"research":[15],"focused":[17],"on":[18,189],"attack":[19],"detection,":[20],"adversaries":[21],"can":[22,161],"outsmart":[23],"even":[24],"advanced":[25],"anomaly":[26],"detectors.":[27],"Further,":[28],"existing":[29],"techniques":[30],"fail":[31],"ensure":[33],"data":[34,38,55,79,92,146,150,178],"confidentiality,":[35,147],"exposing":[36],"telemetered":[37],"eavesdropping.":[40],"To":[41,180],"address":[42],"these":[43],"evolving":[44],"threats,":[45],"we":[46,128],"propose":[47],"a":[48],"novel":[49],"framework":[50,110],"enhance":[52],"system":[54,155,177],"communication":[56],"over":[58],"WANs.":[59],"This":[60],"innovative":[61],"approach":[62,166],"combines":[63],"time":[64,136],"series":[65],"image":[67,118],"transformation,":[68],"digital":[69],"watermarking,":[70],"and":[71,148,159,170],"machine":[72],"learning.":[73],"These":[74,101],"elements":[75],"collaboratively":[76],"encode":[77],"sensor":[78,145],"into":[80,93],"an":[81,112,123],"unintelligible":[82],"format,":[83],"maintaining":[84],"operational":[85],"impact.":[86],"We":[87],"begin":[88],"by":[89],"converting":[90],"time-series":[91],"images":[94,102,132],"with":[95,106],"the":[96,130,134,139,182,190],"Gramian":[97],"Angular":[98],"Field":[99],"algorithm.":[100],"are":[103],"subtly":[104],"embedded":[105],"invisible":[107],"watermarks.":[108],"introduces":[111],"additional":[113],"layer":[115],"detect":[117],"tampering":[119],"during":[120],"communication.":[121],"Using":[122],"Autoencoder-Support":[124],"Vector":[125],"Regression":[126],"model,":[127],"restore":[129],"watermarked":[131],"original":[135],"series.":[137],"Notably,":[138],"watermarking":[140],"method":[141],"is":[142],"system-independent,":[143],"maintains":[144],"certifies":[149],"integrity.":[151],"In":[152],"time-critical":[153],"operations,":[156],"traditional":[157],"encryption":[158],"authentication":[160],"introduce":[162],"latency.":[163],"proposed":[165,183],"minimizes":[167],"computational":[168],"overhead":[169],"ensures":[171],"real-time":[172],"responsiveness,":[173],"effectively":[174],"securing":[175],"communications.":[179],"demonstrate":[181],"framework\u2019s":[184],"effectiveness,":[185],"experiments":[186],"were":[187],"conducted":[188],"IEEE-39":[191],"bus":[192],"system\u2019s":[193],"Automatic":[194],"Generation":[195],"Control":[196],"system.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}