{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391097071","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2024.3356948","title":"Electric Vehicles Charging Time Constrained Deliverable Provision of Secondary Frequency Regulation","display_name":"Electric Vehicles Charging Time Constrained Deliverable Provision of Secondary Frequency Regulation","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391097071","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2024.3356948"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2024.3356948","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2024.3356948","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2316145","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011264140","display_name":"Jinning Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9302-3364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jinning Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of EECS, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9302-3364","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of EECS, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076167872","display_name":"Fangxing Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1060-7618"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fangxing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of EECS, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1060-7618","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of EECS, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039443284","display_name":"Xin Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7979-803X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99041443","display_name":"Mississippi State University","ror":"https://ror.org/0432jq872","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141039","https://openalex.org/I99041443"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7979-803X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99041443"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100350663","display_name":"Wenbo Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8446-4395"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297288678","display_name":"National Laboratory of the Rockies","ror":"https://ror.org/036266993","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I2800842121"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenbo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Grid Planning and Analysis Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grid Planning and Analysis Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044250087","display_name":"Hantao Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4259-5925"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115475287","display_name":"Oklahoma State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01g9vbr38","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hantao Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4259-5925","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000659374","display_name":"Qiwei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2392-0403"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiwei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of EECS, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2392-0403","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of EECS, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072065089","display_name":"Buxin She","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2624-560X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Buxin She","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of EECS, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2624-560X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of EECS, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011264140"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3379,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9241882,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"4","first_page":"3892","last_page":"3903"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9896000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9896000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12277","display_name":"Frequency Control in Power Systems","score":0.9825000166893005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9610999822616577,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deliverable","display_name":"Deliverable","score":0.6821208000183105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5653177499771118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interval","display_name":"Interval (graph theory)","score":0.4810676574707031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-vehicle","display_name":"Electric vehicle","score":0.4463443458080292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-of-charge","display_name":"State of charge","score":0.43265390396118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-domain","display_name":"Time domain","score":0.4143213629722595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.4137133061885834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.38836678862571716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2545458674430847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20303389430046082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","score":0.09039607644081116}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21883318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297847","display_name":"Deliverable","level":2,"score":0.6821208000183105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5653177499771118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778067643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166507","display_name":"Interval (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.4810676574707031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.4463443458080292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776582896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5368536","display_name":"State of charge","level":4,"score":0.43265390396118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103824480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185889","display_name":"Time domain","level":2,"score":0.4143213629722595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.4137133061885834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.38836678862571716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2545458674430847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20303389430046082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.09039607644081116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2024.3356948","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2024.3356948","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:2316145","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2316145","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2316145","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:2316145","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2316145","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2316145","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8799999952316284,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1753948535","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC36-08GO28308","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3883580859","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC36-08GO28308","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6005700546","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"-AC36-08GO28308","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6628910509","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EEC-1041877","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7021897321","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"08GO28308","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8373882331","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EEC-1041877","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G891429217","display_name":"NSF Engineering Research Center for Ultra-wide-area Resilient Electric Energy Transmission Network","funder_award_id":"1041877","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391097071.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391097071.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W618471862","https://openalex.org/W2040611596","https://openalex.org/W2063996928","https://openalex.org/W2082707363","https://openalex.org/W2083287037","https://openalex.org/W2310599269","https://openalex.org/W2753583321","https://openalex.org/W2757615817","https://openalex.org/W2761451262","https://openalex.org/W2769352245","https://openalex.org/W2822963002","https://openalex.org/W2905907579","https://openalex.org/W2910907233","https://openalex.org/W2961565430","https://openalex.org/W3008433727","https://openalex.org/W3016886524","https://openalex.org/W3036689958","https://openalex.org/W3053676525","https://openalex.org/W3130317077","https://openalex.org/W3184227953","https://openalex.org/W3186682204","https://openalex.org/W3207808996","https://openalex.org/W4280500681","https://openalex.org/W4285146461","https://openalex.org/W4293768853","https://openalex.org/W4313203580","https://openalex.org/W4321021842","https://openalex.org/W6766092194","https://openalex.org/W6839702117","https://openalex.org/W6847228874"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2495597051","https://openalex.org/W4210916034","https://openalex.org/W4242627426","https://openalex.org/W2299603432","https://openalex.org/W1031561789","https://openalex.org/W2614697689","https://openalex.org/W4296426226","https://openalex.org/W2009545949","https://openalex.org/W2391748216","https://openalex.org/W2129858636"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Aggregation":[0],"of":[1,100,112,137,168,195],"electric":[2],"vehicles":[3],"(EVs)":[4],"is":[5,36,94,127,149],"a":[6,79,85,90,116,175],"promising":[7],"technique":[8],"for":[9],"providing":[10],"secondary":[11],"frequency":[12],"regulation":[13],"(SFR)":[14],"in":[15,178,190],"highly":[16],"renewable":[17],"energy-penetrated":[18],"power":[19],"systems.":[20],"Equipped":[21],"with":[22,84,160,174],"energy":[23],"storage":[24],"devices,":[25],"EV":[26,55,64,81,92,101,113,139,147,163,197],"aggregation":[27,93,148],"can":[28,171,187],"provide":[29],"reliable":[30,39],"SFR.":[31],"However,":[32],"the":[33,47,63,98,105,109,134,138,143,152,165,169,183,191,196],"main":[34],"challenge":[35],"to":[37,96,129],"guarantee":[38],"intra-interval":[40],"SFR":[41,56,69,82,140,193],"capacities":[42],"and":[43,120,133],"inter-interval":[44],"delivery":[45],"following":[46],"automatic":[48],"generation":[49],"control":[50,87],"(AGC)":[51],"signal.":[52],"Furthermore,":[53],"aggregated":[54],"provision":[57,70,83,194],"will":[58],"be":[59,172,188],"further":[60],"complicated":[61],"by":[62],"charging":[65,74,145,161,184],"time":[66,121,185],"anxiety":[67],"because":[68],"might":[71],"extend":[72],"EV\u2019s":[73],"time.":[75],"This":[76],"paper":[77],"proposes":[78],"deliverable":[80],"charging-time-constrained":[86,91],"strategy.":[88],"First,":[89],"proposed":[95,128,144,192],"address":[97],"uncertainty":[99],"capacity":[102],"based":[103],"on":[104,151],"state-space":[106],"model":[107],"considering":[108],"charging-time":[110],"restriction":[111],"owners.":[114],"Second,":[115],"real-time":[117],"economic":[118],"dispatch":[119],"domain":[122],"simulation":[123],"(RTED-TDS)":[124],"cosimulation":[125],"framework":[126],"verify":[130],"financial":[131],"results":[132,157],"dynamic":[135,166],"performance":[136,167],"provision.":[141],"Last,":[142],"time-constrained":[146,162],"validated":[150],"IEEE":[153],"39-bus":[154],"system.":[155],"The":[156],"demonstrate":[158],"that":[159],"aggregation,":[164],"system":[170],"improved":[173],"marginal":[176],"increase":[177],"total":[179],"cost.":[180],"More":[181],"importantly,":[182],"constraint":[186],"respected":[189],"aggregation.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-07T13:39:58.223016","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}