{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385945317","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2023.3298807","title":"Graph Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Inverter-Based Active Voltage Control","display_name":"Graph Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Inverter-Based Active Voltage Control","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385945317","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2023.3298807"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2023.3298807","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2023.3298807","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057898837","display_name":"Chaoxu Mu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1055-9513"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaoxu Mu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1055-9513","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100603519","display_name":"Zhaoyang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1830-8957"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaoyang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061710167","display_name":"Jun Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5148-1399"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5148-1399","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053616362","display_name":"Hongjie Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2907-2895"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongjie Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2907-2895","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100419394","display_name":"Xiaoyu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0209-531X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Research Center of Autonomous Unmanned System Technology, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0209-531X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center of Autonomous Unmanned System Technology, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.1264,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":49,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95379948,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"2","first_page":"1399","last_page":"1409"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10454","display_name":"Optimal Power Flow Distribution","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10454","display_name":"Optimal Power Flow Distribution","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7670495510101318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partially-observable-markov-decision-process","display_name":"Partially observable Markov decision process","score":0.6790933012962341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5971181392669678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.5885898470878601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.45944204926490784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.45781412720680237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.4377230405807495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage-regulation","display_name":"Voltage regulation","score":0.43439334630966187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.3476361632347107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.33520442247390747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.33501169085502625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.32826000452041626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.2969152331352234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.19232815504074097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1875714659690857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-model","display_name":"Markov model","score":0.1834738850593567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09553715586662292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.08333641290664673}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7670495510101318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17098449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176814","display_name":"Partially observable Markov decision process","level":4,"score":0.6790933012962341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5971181392669678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.5885898470878601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.45944204926490784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.45781412720680237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.4377230405807495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196226539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7940752","display_name":"Voltage regulation","level":3,"score":0.43439334630966187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.3476361632347107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.33520442247390747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.33501169085502625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.32826000452041626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.2969152331352234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.19232815504074097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1875714659690857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163836022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6771326","display_name":"Markov model","level":3,"score":0.1834738850593567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09553715586662292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.08333641290664673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2023.3298807","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2023.3298807","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8899999856948853,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5315174627","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62022061","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G751832858","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62333016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963969437","https://openalex.org/W1978282571","https://openalex.org/W2002154164","https://openalex.org/W2064031160","https://openalex.org/W2162732696","https://openalex.org/W2162802928","https://openalex.org/W2213622842","https://openalex.org/W2588825664","https://openalex.org/W2593427583","https://openalex.org/W2606262161","https://openalex.org/W2736601468","https://openalex.org/W2747213132","https://openalex.org/W2768629321","https://openalex.org/W2810957722","https://openalex.org/W2883076328","https://openalex.org/W2889534483","https://openalex.org/W2963864421","https://openalex.org/W2972852318","https://openalex.org/W2973460848","https://openalex.org/W2991859550","https://openalex.org/W2997572754","https://openalex.org/W3003296523","https://openalex.org/W3033672499","https://openalex.org/W3101619847","https://openalex.org/W3128218652","https://openalex.org/W3131436982","https://openalex.org/W3132337045","https://openalex.org/W3163366295","https://openalex.org/W3166539331","https://openalex.org/W3189694631","https://openalex.org/W3190160068","https://openalex.org/W3190316676","https://openalex.org/W4226294349","https://openalex.org/W4241079583","https://openalex.org/W6684921986","https://openalex.org/W6692846177","https://openalex.org/W6738796088","https://openalex.org/W6741002519","https://openalex.org/W6747473740","https://openalex.org/W6803595505","https://openalex.org/W6922480057"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3123911006","https://openalex.org/W4400868993","https://openalex.org/W2096013579","https://openalex.org/W52153049","https://openalex.org/W1760611253","https://openalex.org/W1515117609","https://openalex.org/W3096874164","https://openalex.org/W1589140671","https://openalex.org/W1985560493","https://openalex.org/W2386410636"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Active":[0],"voltage":[1,10,22,34,44,87,134,152,164],"control":[2,35,45,135,165],"(AVC)":[3],"is":[4,47,65,111,144],"a":[5,50,59,106,141,154],"widely-used":[6],"technique":[7],"to":[8,37,78,84,148],"improve":[9],"quality":[11],"essential":[12],"in":[13,146],"the":[14,21,43,80,86,89,94,100,104,115,127,131,138,150,178,181],"emerging":[15],"active":[16],"distribution":[17],"networks":[18],"(ADNs).":[19],"However,":[20],"fluctuation":[23],"caused":[24],"by":[25,126],"intermittent":[26],"renewable":[27],"energy":[28],"makes":[29],"it":[30],"difficult":[31],"for":[32,137],"traditional":[33,163],"methods":[36,169],"deal":[38],"with.":[39],"In":[40],"this":[41],"paper,":[42],"problem":[46],"formulated":[48],"as":[49,71],"decentralized":[51],"partial":[52],"observable":[53],"Markov":[54],"decision":[55],"process":[56],"(Dec-POMDP),":[57],"and":[58,92,166,173],"multi-agent":[60],"reinforcement":[61],"learning":[62],"(MARL)":[63],"algorithm":[64],"developed":[66],"considering":[67],"each":[68],"controllable":[69],"device":[70],"an":[72],"agent.":[73],"The":[74],"new":[75],"formulation":[76],"aims":[77],"adjust":[79],"strategies":[81],"of":[82,117,133,180],"agents":[83],"stabilize":[85],"within":[88,153],"specified":[90],"range":[91],"reduce":[93],"network":[95,109],"loss.":[96],"To":[97],"better":[98],"represent":[99],"mutual":[101],"interaction":[102],"between":[103],"agents,":[105,119],"graph":[107],"convolutional":[108],"(GCN)":[110],"introduced.":[112],"By":[113],"aggregating":[114],"information":[116],"adjacent":[118],"complex":[120],"latent":[121],"features":[122],"are":[123,160],"effectively":[124],"extracted":[125],"GCN,":[128],"hence":[129],"promotes":[130],"generation":[132],"strategy":[136],"agents.":[139],"Meanwhile,":[140],"barrier":[142],"function":[143],"applied":[145],"MARL":[147,168],"ensure":[149],"system":[151],"safe":[155],"operation":[156],"range.":[157],"Comparative":[158],"studies":[159],"conducted":[161],"with":[162],"other":[167],"on":[170],"IEEE":[171],"33-bus":[172],"141-bus":[174],"systems,":[175],"which":[176],"demonstrate":[177],"performance":[179],"proposed":[182],"approach.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}