{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4384787332","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2023.3296020","title":"Hierarchical LSTM-Based Classification of Household Heating Types Using Measurement Data","display_name":"Hierarchical LSTM-Based Classification of Household Heating Types Using Measurement Data","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4384787332","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2023.3296020"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2023.3296020","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2023.3296020","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://research.chalmers.se/publication/536775/file/536775_Fulltext.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051897579","display_name":"Kristoffer F\u00fcrst","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7028-0341"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kristoffer F\u00fcrst","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7028-0341","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079881488","display_name":"Peiyuan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1789-6734"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peiyuan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1789-6734","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044267089","display_name":"Irene Yu\u2010Hua Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4759-7038"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Irene Yu-Hua Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4759-7038","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051897579"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.511,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63866769,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"2","first_page":"2261","last_page":"2270"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11220","display_name":"Water Systems and Optimization","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6644648313522339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6489976644515991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.6477329730987549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.6004945039749146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.58448725938797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5610499382019043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5049322247505188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-heating","display_name":"Electric heating","score":0.46286141872406006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demand-response","display_name":"Demand response","score":0.4355568289756775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-data","display_name":"Test data","score":0.4257318377494812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.411819189786911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.24185067415237427}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6644648313522339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6489976644515991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6477329730987549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.6004945039749146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.58448725938797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5610499382019043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5049322247505188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780061162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13221754","display_name":"Electric heating","level":2,"score":0.46286141872406006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779438525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255048","display_name":"Demand response","level":3,"score":0.4355568289756775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16910744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705759","display_name":"Test data","level":2,"score":0.4257318377494812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.411819189786911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.24185067415237427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2023.3296020","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2023.3296020","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.chalmers.se:536775","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.chalmers.se/en/publication/536775","pdf_url":"https://research.chalmers.se/publication/536775/file/536775_Fulltext.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402469","display_name":"Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","host_organization_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:research.chalmers.se:536775","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.chalmers.se/en/publication/536775","pdf_url":"https://research.chalmers.se/publication/536775/file/536775_Fulltext.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402469","display_name":"Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","host_organization_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.7400000095367432}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318277","display_name":"Energiforsk","ror":"https://ror.org/04wnpnz26"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322711","display_name":"Energimyndigheten","ror":"https://ror.org/0359z7n90"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4384787332.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4384787332.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1689711448","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2064759762","https://openalex.org/W2118697335","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2462025561","https://openalex.org/W2559655401","https://openalex.org/W2754252319","https://openalex.org/W2793624120","https://openalex.org/W2888820981","https://openalex.org/W2903646426","https://openalex.org/W2907568095","https://openalex.org/W2970705010","https://openalex.org/W2970708080","https://openalex.org/W2997591727","https://openalex.org/W3011339269","https://openalex.org/W3095332185","https://openalex.org/W3174078376","https://openalex.org/W4226043485","https://openalex.org/W4282012516","https://openalex.org/W6631190155"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1589973774","https://openalex.org/W2353074559","https://openalex.org/W2171108821","https://openalex.org/W2023642087","https://openalex.org/W2074513827","https://openalex.org/W2402141875","https://openalex.org/W3125701662","https://openalex.org/W1498762745","https://openalex.org/W148990555","https://openalex.org/W4281782064"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"lack":[1],"of":[2,4,34,62,69,173,195],"knowledge":[3],"the":[5,70,103,115,125,153,161,165,196],"heating":[6,48,60,109,151,154],"systems":[7],"used":[8],"by":[9],"electricity":[10,38,64,94],"consumers":[11,39],"impedes":[12],"distribution":[13],"system":[14],"operators":[15],"in":[16],"developing":[17],"a":[18,53,186],"sound":[19],"grid":[20],"upgrade":[21],"plan":[22],"and":[23,97,137,185],"estimating":[24],"potential":[25],"demand":[26],"flexibility":[27],"from":[28,92,135,160],"these":[29],"consumers.":[30,65],"The":[31,66],"large-scale":[32],"rollout":[33],"smart":[35],"meters":[36],"for":[37,58,107],"provides":[40],"an":[41,76,87,169],"excellent":[42],"opportunity":[43],"to":[44],"identify":[45],"end":[46],"users\u2019":[47],"types.":[49],"This":[50],"paper":[51,71],"proposed":[52,104,166,197],"hierarchically":[54],"structured":[55],"deep-learning":[56,105,189],"framework":[57,78],"identifying":[59],"types":[61],"individual":[63],"main":[67],"contributions":[68],"are:":[72],"(a)":[73],"We":[74,101,123],"propose":[75],"effective":[77,88],"based":[79],"on":[80,120],"long":[81],"short-term":[82],"memory":[83],"(LSTM)":[84],"that":[85],"offers":[86],"automatic":[89],"feature":[90],"learning":[91,180],"sequential":[93],"consumption":[95],"data":[96,130],"weather":[98],"conditions.":[99],"(b)":[100],"apply":[102],"architecture":[106],"household":[108],"type":[110],"classification":[111],"which":[112],"is":[113],"among":[114],"first":[116],"few":[117],"successful":[118],"reports":[119],"this":[121],"application.":[122],"evaluate":[124],"performance":[126,157],"using":[127,164,182],"hourly":[128],"measurement":[129],"collected":[131],"over":[132],"four":[133,177],"years":[134],"one":[136],"two-family":[138],"dwellings":[139],"with":[140,168,176],"either":[141],"district":[142],"heating,":[143],"exhaust":[144],"air":[145],"heat":[146],"pumps":[147],"or":[148],"direct":[149],"electric":[150],"as":[152],"type.":[155],"Good":[156],"was":[158],"shown":[159,192],"test":[162,171],"results":[163],"framework,":[167],"average":[170],"accuracy":[172],"94.2%.":[174],"Comparisons":[175],"existing":[178],"machine":[179],"algorithms":[181],"hand-crafted":[183],"features":[184],"single-layer":[187],"LSTM-based":[188],"algorithm":[190],"have":[191],"marked":[193],"improvement":[194],"method.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}