{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4319993400","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2023.3239598","title":"A Learnable Image-Based Load Signature Construction Approach in NILM for Appliances Identification","display_name":"A Learnable Image-Based Load Signature Construction Approach in NILM for Appliances Identification","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4319993400","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2023.3239598"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2023.3239598","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2023.3239598","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103169531","display_name":"Yusen Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0587-612X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yusen Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0587-612X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080287607","display_name":"Hao Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9924-4851"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101456529","display_name":"Qing Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3902-3635"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qing Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3902-3635","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057388040","display_name":"Qingrong Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingrong Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100383442","display_name":"Yiwen Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8966-5938"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiwen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["General Office Department, Northern Suburbs Branch of Jinan Thermo Electron Group Company Ltd., Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Office Department, Northern Suburbs Branch of Jinan Thermo Electron Group Company Ltd., Jinan, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.154,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96148721,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"5","first_page":"3841","last_page":"3849"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.987500011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12222","display_name":"IoT-based Smart Home Systems","score":0.9847000241279602,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6325998306274414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.5767943263053894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gramian-matrix","display_name":"Gramian matrix","score":0.5299371480941772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5052903294563293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signature","display_name":"Signature (topology)","score":0.5013399124145508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.49866437911987305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.44601961970329285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.44295039772987366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.43633773922920227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.40085312724113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.3230798840522766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.32234346866607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20905545353889465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.17692714929580688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13695687055587769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.12267735600471497}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6325998306274414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5767943263053894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77246614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1409400","display_name":"Gramian matrix","level":3,"score":0.5299371480941772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5052903294563293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779696439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512811","display_name":"Signature (topology)","level":2,"score":0.5013399124145508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.49866437911987305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.44601961970329285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.44295039772987366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.43633773922920227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.40085312724113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.3230798840522766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.32234346866607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20905545353889465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.17692714929580688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13695687055587769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.12267735600471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158693339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190524","display_name":"Eigenvalues and eigenvectors","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2023.3239598","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2023.3239598","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1035160325","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1813215","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1313943698","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61973192","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1880964199","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"91748115","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2333720187","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61973187","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3890721909","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2020MF085","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1479651931","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1978394297","https://openalex.org/W2006478669","https://openalex.org/W2011376369","https://openalex.org/W2064925916","https://openalex.org/W2065153603","https://openalex.org/W2123910460","https://openalex.org/W2149224293","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2198139313","https://openalex.org/W2289387268","https://openalex.org/W2566212894","https://openalex.org/W2764060181","https://openalex.org/W2792764867","https://openalex.org/W2798571964","https://openalex.org/W2887935866","https://openalex.org/W2897073097","https://openalex.org/W2904841534","https://openalex.org/W2970203949","https://openalex.org/W2971067036","https://openalex.org/W2979684985","https://openalex.org/W3006472355","https://openalex.org/W3014328522","https://openalex.org/W3040566078","https://openalex.org/W3044070975","https://openalex.org/W3048922269","https://openalex.org/W3090386302","https://openalex.org/W3099873379","https://openalex.org/W3128066807","https://openalex.org/W3129002219","https://openalex.org/W3131110183","https://openalex.org/W3158844933","https://openalex.org/W3164012365","https://openalex.org/W3168308253","https://openalex.org/W3176926846","https://openalex.org/W3199873924","https://openalex.org/W3207688086","https://openalex.org/W3211907993","https://openalex.org/W3213916533","https://openalex.org/W4206552130","https://openalex.org/W4210342596","https://openalex.org/W4210682604","https://openalex.org/W4210962596","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6731843568","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6749825310"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4390355884","https://openalex.org/W4302344890","https://openalex.org/W3102707439","https://openalex.org/W2436722607","https://openalex.org/W2464112360","https://openalex.org/W2560215812","https://openalex.org/W3211291180","https://openalex.org/W2949601986","https://openalex.org/W2788972299","https://openalex.org/W2521347458"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"of":[1,4,55,132],"the":[2,38,53,126,135,152],"tasks":[3],"Non-Intrusive":[5],"Load":[6],"Monitoring":[7],"(NILM)":[8],"is":[9,45,61],"load":[10,32,70,81],"identification,":[11],"which":[12],"aims":[13],"to":[14,41],"extract":[15],"and":[16,30,95,108,140,144,157],"classify":[17],"altered":[18],"electrical":[19,43],"signals":[20],"after":[21],"switching":[22],"events":[23],"are":[24,34,83,119],"detected.":[25],"In":[26,63],"this":[27,59,64,123],"subtask,":[28],"representative":[29],"distinguishable":[31],"signatures":[33,56,82,107],"essential.":[35],"At":[36],"present,":[37],"literature":[39],"approach":[40],"characterize":[42],"appliances":[44],"mainly":[46],"based":[47,115],"on":[48,116,134],"manual":[49],"feature":[50],"engineering.":[51],"However,":[52],"performance":[54],"obtained":[57],"by":[58],"way":[60],"limited.":[62],"paper,":[65],"we":[66,100],"propose":[67],"a":[68],"novel":[69],"signature":[71],"construction":[72],"method":[73,150],"utilizing":[74],"deep":[75],"learning":[76,105,118],"techniques.":[77],"Specifically,":[78],"three":[79],"learnable":[80],"presented":[84],"such":[85],"as":[86],"Learnable":[87,91],"Recurrent":[88],"Graph":[89,97,156],"(LRG),":[90],"Gramian":[92,158],"Matrix":[93],"(LGM)":[94],"Generative":[96],"(GG).":[98],"Furthermore,":[99],"test":[101],"different":[102],"frameworks":[103],"for":[104,122],"these":[106],"conclude":[109],"that":[110,148],"Temporal":[111],"Convolutional":[112],"Networks":[113],"(TCN)":[114],"residual":[117],"more":[120],"suitable":[121],"work":[124],"than":[125],"other":[127],"schemes":[128],"mentioned.":[129],"The":[130],"results":[131],"experiment":[133],"PLAID":[136],"datasets":[137],"with":[138],"submetered":[139],"aggregated,":[141],"WHITED":[142],"dataset":[143,146],"LILAC":[145],"confirm":[147],"our":[149],"outperforms":[151],"voltage-current":[153],"trajectory,":[154],"Recursive":[155],"Angular":[159],"Field":[160],"methods":[161],"in":[162],"multiple":[163],"evaluation":[164],"metrics.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
