{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4302080859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2022.3196682","title":"Stochastic Strategic Participation of Active Distribution Networks With High-Penetration DERs in Wholesale Electricity Markets","display_name":"Stochastic Strategic Participation of Active Distribution Networks With High-Penetration DERs in Wholesale Electricity Markets","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4302080859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2022.3196682"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2022.3196682","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2022.3196682","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013622834","display_name":"Abhijith Ravi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2138-7403"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102149020","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Charlotte","ror":"https://ror.org/04dawnj30","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abhijith Ravi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Systems Engineering and Engineering Management and the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2138-7403","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems Engineering and Engineering Management and the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079071318","display_name":"Linquan Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1408-0369"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102149020","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Charlotte","ror":"https://ror.org/04dawnj30","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linquan Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Systems Engineering and Engineering Management, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1408-0369","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems Engineering and Engineering Management, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056011460","display_name":"Valentina Cecchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5597-1088"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102149020","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Charlotte","ror":"https://ror.org/04dawnj30","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valentina Cecchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5597-1088","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032738351","display_name":"Fei Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2500-1275"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297288678","display_name":"National Laboratory of the Rockies","ror":"https://ror.org/036266993","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I2800842121"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Grid Automation and Controls, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grid Automation and Controls, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013622834"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9558,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91627474,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"2","first_page":"1515","last_page":"1527"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10454","display_name":"Optimal Power Flow Distribution","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10454","display_name":"Optimal Power Flow Distribution","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10424","display_name":"Electric Power System Optimization","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilevel-optimization","display_name":"Bilevel optimization","score":0.795268177986145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.6386090517044067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-generation","display_name":"Distributed generation","score":0.5915914177894592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strong-duality","display_name":"Strong duality","score":0.5695746541023254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.5504058003425598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity-market","display_name":"Electricity market","score":0.5249559879302979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.5153028964996338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4964764714241028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demand-response","display_name":"Demand response","score":0.44497501850128174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/karush\u2013kuhn\u2013tucker-conditions","display_name":"Karush\u2013Kuhn\u2013Tucker conditions","score":0.4368996024131775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bidding","display_name":"Bidding","score":0.4268026053905487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.3883568048477173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.25675320625305176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.2406381368637085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.22969192266464233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19564074277877808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1599477231502533}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3309286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4907693","display_name":"Bilevel optimization","level":3,"score":0.795268177986145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.6386090517044067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544738498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861135","display_name":"Distributed generation","level":3,"score":0.5915914177894592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163863214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7624553","display_name":"Strong duality","level":3,"score":0.5695746541023254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.5504058003425598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146733006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q676081","display_name":"Electricity market","level":3,"score":0.5249559879302979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.5153028964996338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4964764714241028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779438525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255048","display_name":"Demand response","level":3,"score":0.44497501850128174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50454189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2075125","display_name":"Karush\u2013Kuhn\u2013Tucker conditions","level":2,"score":0.4368996024131775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9233905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3276328","display_name":"Bidding","level":2,"score":0.4268026053905487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.3883568048477173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.25675320625305176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.2406381368637085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.22969192266464233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19564074277877808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1599477231502533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2022.3196682","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2022.3196682","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7200000286102295,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1986384595","https://openalex.org/W2082131422","https://openalex.org/W2090081665","https://openalex.org/W2110554198","https://openalex.org/W2116347721","https://openalex.org/W2117766005","https://openalex.org/W2145761514","https://openalex.org/W2151795203","https://openalex.org/W2243857505","https://openalex.org/W2343206381","https://openalex.org/W2409265110","https://openalex.org/W2509797128","https://openalex.org/W2552708297","https://openalex.org/W2621059712","https://openalex.org/W2748475744","https://openalex.org/W2765308108","https://openalex.org/W2766898170","https://openalex.org/W2786344150","https://openalex.org/W2789425384","https://openalex.org/W2802107698","https://openalex.org/W2990763687","https://openalex.org/W3011939356","https://openalex.org/W3032510662","https://openalex.org/W3086409158","https://openalex.org/W3093806822","https://openalex.org/W3131047059","https://openalex.org/W3160224357","https://openalex.org/W3181887710","https://openalex.org/W3185018685","https://openalex.org/W3204522420","https://openalex.org/W4200161456","https://openalex.org/W4205462197","https://openalex.org/W6640010905"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4322709579","https://openalex.org/W4286893854","https://openalex.org/W2732076076","https://openalex.org/W2080478657","https://openalex.org/W2920493340","https://openalex.org/W2030722820","https://openalex.org/W2126813526","https://openalex.org/W4381948319","https://openalex.org/W2362635706","https://openalex.org/W2994922825"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,36,52,75,78,81,89,94,97,100,111,125,133,145,175,178,181],"increasing":[2],"penetration":[3],"of":[4,55,91,116,124,177],"distributed":[5],"energy":[6,61,83,106,120],"resources":[7],"(DERs),":[8],"traditional":[9],"distribution":[10,23],"networks":[11,24],"as":[12,132,152],"load-serving":[13],"entities":[14],"in":[15,30,38,48,65,93],"wholesale":[16,31,66,82,187],"electricity":[17,67,188],"markets,":[18,87],"now":[19],"evolve":[20],"towards":[21],"active":[22],"(ADNs)":[25],"which":[26],"can":[27,73],"proactively":[28],"participate":[29],"markets":[32],"by":[33],"optimally":[34],"controlling":[35],"DERs":[37,58,92],"their":[39],"networks.":[40],"A":[41],"stochastic":[42],"bilevel":[43,70,147],"optimization":[44,71,148],"model":[45,72,179],"is":[46,130,150],"proposed":[47,146],"this":[49],"paper":[50],"for":[51],"strategic":[53],"participation":[54],"ADNs":[56],"and":[57,62,80,84,107,114,121,140,160,180,186],"to":[59],"provide":[60],"grid":[63],"services":[64],"markets.":[68,189],"The":[69,118,171],"capture":[74],"interactions":[76,182],"between":[77,183],"ADN":[79,101,185],"ancillary":[85],"service":[86],"considering":[88,110],"uncertainties":[90],"ADN.":[95],"In":[96],"upper-level":[98],"model,":[99],"makes":[102],"optimal":[103],"decisions":[104],"on":[105],"reserve":[108,122],"bidding":[109],"availability,":[112],"uncertainties,":[113],"flexibility":[115],"DERs.":[117],"joint":[119],"market-clearing":[123],"independent":[126],"system":[127],"operator":[128],"(ISO)":[129],"modeled":[131],"lower-level":[134],"problem.":[135],"Using":[136],"strong":[137],"duality":[138],"theory":[139],"Karush-Kuhn":[141],"Tucker":[142],"(KKT)":[143],"conditions,":[144],"problem":[149,159],"reformulated":[151],"mathematical":[153],"programming":[154,168],"with":[155],"equilibrium":[156],"constraints":[157],"(MPEC)":[158],"further":[161],"converted":[162],"into":[163],"a":[164],"computationally-solvable":[165],"mixed-integer":[166],"second-order-cone":[167],"(MISOCP)":[169],"model.":[170],"simulation":[172],"results":[173],"demonstrate":[174],"effectiveness":[176],"an":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}